关系代词,包括who, whom, whose, which, that,as等,在句子中引导定语从句,同时也在这些从句中担任着主语、宾语的角色。在某些情况下,它们必须出现;而另一些情况下,我们建议省略它们,让文章更为简洁,意思传达更为明确。
一.关系代词的保留:
在下列四种情况下,关系代词虽作宾语,却不能省略。
(1) 介词+ whom/which
例:Do you know any libraries in which I can borrow this book? 你知道在哪个图书馆我能借到这本书吗?
(2) 在非限制性从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
例:Mr. Green, whom you know, was the most diligent person in the company. 格林先生是公司里最勤劳的人。
(3) 在the same ... as, such ... as, as ... as, the same... that结构中, as, that 即使作宾语,也不能
省略。
例: ①I have bought the same bike as you have. 我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。
② This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. 这就是我前天读过的那本书。(注:关系代词that如要换成as, 则指与我读的书一样,但不是同一本。)
(4) 当一个句子包括两个限制性从句时(并且不同级时),引导第一个限制性从句的关系代词通常省略,而第二个限制性从句的关系代词需要被保留。
例:Is there anything (that) you want that you have not? 还有什么你想要但是没有的吗?(省略that)
Mr. Burson is the only dealer (that) we know who gives good advice. Burson先生是我们所知能给出最好建议的人。(省略that)
(5) 当and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,关系代词第一个可省略,第二、第三个等不可省略。
例: This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I found very interesting. 这就是我昨天读的那本书,它很有趣。
二.关系代词的省略:
1。在限定性关系从句中(a defining clause),宾语位置的关系代词which,whom,who,that可以被省略。并且在口语中,这种省略非常普遍。
例: The man (whom) you saw just now is head of our department. 你刚才看到的那个人是我们部门的头。(可以省略whom)
Alan is a man who is strict with himself in everything (that) he does. 艾伦在做任何事情的时候都对自己要求严格。(可以省略that)
2.如果关系代词在从句中作为表语(predicative),那么关系代词通常被省略。
例:Isabel has changed. She is no longer the girl (that) she was. 伊莎贝尔已经改变了。她再也不是以前那个小女孩了。(省略that)
3.以there is(was)引导的限制性从句,其前面的关系代词常常被省略掉。
例:Please show me the latest reference book (that) there is on the subject. 给我一本关于这个主题的最新一本参考书。(省略that)
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Tokyo. 这个是去东京去快的火车。(省略that)
4.修饰主语的关系代词,之后跟着to be,这个关系代词连同这个to be通常省略。
例:This book (which was) published last week is concerned with the advantages and disadvantages of China’s entry into the WTO. 上周出版的书正是关于中国入世的好处和不利。
5. 状语的省略
(1) 当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why, that,也可以省略。例:The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 他之所以失败的原因是他的懒惰。
(2) 当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which, that,也可省略。例:That was the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out. 这是她解决问题的方法。
*注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不省略。
例:I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains. (此时不能省略)
(3) 当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when, that 或省略。
例: The second time (that) I saw him was in 1990. 我第二次看到他是在1990年。
(4) 当先行词是place时, 关系代词可用where, that或省略。
例:The place (where/ that) we will have our picnic is not decided yet. 我们举行野餐的地点还没定下来
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