英语的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：十六种时态
一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时；
现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时；
现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；
现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时．
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：主语+be动词；主语+动词原形 （但如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
把下列句子变为否定句、一般疑问句并作肯否回答。
It often snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
They usually play soccer on Sundays.
二、一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+be动词过去式；主语+行为动词的过去式
4.否定形式：was/were+not；在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
Lucy was at home yesterday.(否定句，一般疑问句肯否回答）
She often came to help us in those days.（同上）
I didn't know you were so busy.（肯定句）
三、现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
Look !He is doing his homework.
My parents are watching TV now.
四、过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
At that time she was working in that factory.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since...,for...,in/during the past/past few years,already,yet,ever, never,so far,by now,before etc.
3.基本结构：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句：have或has...?
I've written two articles so far.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
六、过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
He told me that they _______( have)a trip next week.
九.将来完成时：
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来）
3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done
十.现在完成进行时:
1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止
2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing
英语的语态
一、英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Tom is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being mended by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read.
现在分析The girl talking with Joe is Jane。是时态还是语态？
其实，这个句子的意思是“与乔谈话的女孩是简”，很明显没有被动，是主动语态。同时是句子是“主语+be+宾语”的结构，是一般现在时。
现在再说分词与动名词的区别：
动名词在句中起到的是一个名词的作用,在句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语等，而现在分词起到的是一个动词或副词的作用，在句中做谓语、状语、定语等。
My job is teaching English. (动名词、表语）
I am teaching English. (现在分词、谓语）
a swimming boy 正在游泳的男孩 （现在分词、定语）
a swimming pool 一个游泳池 （动名词、定语）
Do you mind my opening the window? （动名词、宾语）
Seeing the city from the top of the tall building, you can get a good view.(现在分词、状语）
再回到The girl talking with Joe is Jane。这个句子中talking是 分词 还是动名词呢？
很明显，这个句子中， talking with Joe 作定语修饰The girl，表示“与乔谈话的女孩”，所以是现在分词做定语。
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