英语中,什么是就近原则?就近原则什么时候用?

谢谢了~不要太多只求简单,明白~!

就近一致原则(1)

连词not only...but also/ neither...nor/ or/ either...or/ not...but

同学们和老师对此都一无所知。

Neither he nor they are wholly right.

他和他们,谁都不是完全对的。

Either he or I am right.

或者他对,或者我对。
就近一致原则(2)

副词here/ there

Here comes the bus.

瞧,公共汽车来了。
主谓一致:and

and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。

John and Mary are my friends.

约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。

and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。

Both rice and wheat are grown in China.

中国有种水稻也有种小麦。

and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。

Fish and chips is a popular supper here.

炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为整体)

The poet and writer has come.

那位诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人既是诗人又是作家)

I.在正式文体中:

1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.

①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。

②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。

③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。

英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系。

它通常依据三项原则:

1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。

【语法一致原则】

I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.

①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。

②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?

Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)

II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。

1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“从句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.

①The work is important . 这项工作重要。

②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。

③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。

2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.

①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。

②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。

II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语:

1.通常作复数用 。e.g.

①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。

②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。

③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。

2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.

①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。

②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。

③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。

3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g.

①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。

②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。

Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:

1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.

①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。

②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。

b)"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语: "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g.

①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。

②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。

c)"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.

①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。

②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。

d) "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g.

①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。

"more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g.

②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。

"more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g.

③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。
2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.

①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?

②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。

3. 下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.

①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。

②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。

4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:

1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.

①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?

②Who are League Members .哪些是团员?

2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.

①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。

②All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。

3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)",等。e.g.

①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。

②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。

Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:

1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.

Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。

2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.

①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。

②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。

3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.

①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。

②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。

4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.

①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。

②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。

但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.

①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。

②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。

④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。

2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.

①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。

②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。

II. 非正式文体中:

有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.

Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)

Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)

但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.

No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
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第1个回答  2007-07-27
就近原则,指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语.由neither...nor或either...or连接或者当一个句子是由 there 或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致.例如:

Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.抽屉里有一支钢笔,几个信封和一些纸.

Neither she nor I am wet.她和我都没有被淋湿.本回答被提问者采纳