第3个回答 2012-02-23
动词时态与语态
动词的时态
一、一般现在时的用法
1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2．客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3．表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
4．现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the ball in the glass.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时。
二、一般过去时的用法
1．在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2．表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3．句型：
注意区分：
It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了
It is time (that)sb. did sth. 时间已迟了；早该……了
e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事(注意此处would rather 后接的是从句)I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4．wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was a good English learner.
(含义：她以前是个好的英语学习者)
Christine has been a good English learner.
(含义：她现在是个好的英语学习者)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
（1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
（2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
三、一般将来时
1．shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2．be going to +v.，表示将来。
（1）主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
（2）计划、安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
（3）有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3．be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4．be about to +v.，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：
（1）be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状语连用。
例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的。但我们可以这么讲：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back.
（2）be going to / will的区别：用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
（3）be to和be going to的区别：
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
（4）一般现在时表将来
①下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes.
②倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
③在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
④在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
（5）用现在进行时表示将来
常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I’m leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
四、现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续”。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时常用的时间状语：
yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语或副词：
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn’t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果。)
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
—Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
—He’s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)
用于现在完成时的句型
1．It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2．This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
五、过去完成时
1．概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是“had +过去分词”。我们用时间轴表示如下：
2．用法
（1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
（2）状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
（4）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
六、现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
1．表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
2．习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
3．表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
4．与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩，并不表示正在进行，要注意。
You are always changing your mind.
七、过去进行时
1．概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2．过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景或一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3．常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
八、将来进行时
1．概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She’ll be coming soon.
I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I’ll be having a talk with her.
2．常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.
一般现在时代替将来时的情况：
时间状语从句、条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
我努力了，望采纳。