The real Roman Conquest in British history began in 43 A.D.At that time Claudius, the empiror of Rome, with 40000 of his men,conquered the middle and mid-south of British island in 3 years, then the entire England was completely controled by Romans. With the military invasion, Roman culture, style and custom was introduced into England gradually, Roman clothes, decorations, earthenware and glassware spreaded quickly through England. The society life began to be Romanized, it consequently resulted in the spreading of Latin.
Romans, who regarded themselves as "victrors", of course thought that Celts were "inferior", and celtic was unfit for "upper-class" communication. At that time, in Britain, Latin was used in governance, commerce and law; Latin was also the second language of high-class Celts. This is the reason why few Celtic words survived till today. In modern English, Celtic is used only in some names of rivers or other places, like the Thames ,the Cam,the Dee ,the Avon , the Esk , the Exe , the Stour , the Aire , the Derwent , the Ouse , the Severn , the Tees , the Trent , the Wye etc. these rivers were named by Celts.In "Duncombe, Winchcombe, Holcome, Cumberland, Coombe", you can find the Celtic word "cumb"(i.e.deep vally). In Torcross , Torquay,Torrington you can see Celtic word torr(i.e. high rock or peak).Names of some famous cities like Dover and York were also out of Celtic.Romans possesed England for 400 years, untill they retreated from britain because of some diplomatic difficulties in 407 A.D.
About in 449 A.D.,three German tribes from west-north Europe invaded Britain. They were Angles Saxon and Jutes. They crosses North sea, invaded Great Britain Iselands while the Rome empire was weakening. They encountered tough defense of Celts, the invasion lasted for 1 century, by the end of 6th century A.D., Celts on Britain Iseland were almost wiped out, the survivors escaped into forests,or fell to slaves. This is the "German conquest" or "Teutenic conquest" in English history. The conquest had a essential influence on the forming of English. (e.g.picture1)
Angles,Saxons and Jutes were acient Germans who lived in Jutland,Denmark and west-northen cost of Germany in northen Europe.
In the time of Roman Empire, they were called "savage tribes". they lived on husbandry and hunting, leading a nomadism life, they know agriculture very early. Their lands were public possesion of the clan, their agriculture had a character of primitive society. With the developement of the society, clan aristocracts and military leaders appeared. Their possesion and right grew rapidly with frequent pillages. Military leaders were nominally selected by public, but actually, they were out of one same family ...只能翻译到这里了,恩格斯的话实在弄不出来.翻的不好,见谅.
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