第5个回答 2013-07-27
状语的功能：
说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
一般由副词、介词短语、分词（过去分词，现在分词等）和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语构成。一般位于句末，也可位于句首或句中。
1. 副词
用于修饰动词, 形容词, 副词或全句, 说明时间, 地点, 程度, 方式等概念。
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好。程度副词 very 修饰well, very well 是修饰speak 的程度状语。
He is playing under the tree. 他在树下玩儿.
under the tree 为地点状语.
2. 不定式
I come specially to see you. 我专门来看你.
to see you 是目的状语.
3. 介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. 十年前，她开始在大连生活.
The boy was praised for his bravery.这男孩的英勇行为受到了好评。
4. 从句
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.她12岁时，她开始生活在大连。
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.如果我明天不忙，我将和你一起踢足球。
5. 分词
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.（分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致）
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
在一个方向上的抑制作用，现在看来，密西西比河是要另外一个。
6. 词组
She jumped ten feet. 她跳了十英尺远。
时间状语从句
由以下连词引导：
when ，while， as， after ，before， as soon as， since ，till /until by the time
要注意主句和从句中的时态一致。一般情况下若主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。
1、when 当……的时候
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. 当莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。
2、while 当……时
He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中参观了许多地方。
3、as 在……的同时；一边……一边……
He smiled as he stood up. 他一边站起来一边笑着。
4、after 在……之后
He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 他前几天做完作业之后回的家。
5、before 在……之前
Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这儿前已经在一家银行工作一年了。
6、as soon as 一……就……
We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那就开始工作。
I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就给你写信。
7、since 自……以来 到现在
表示从过去某时间起点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.
格林先生3年前来中国后，就在这所学校教书了。
( 本句从句还可以用短语表示：since three years ago 自三年前开始 )
8、 till /until
可以作连词，连接时间状语；也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。
They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。
Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。
9、 by the time 到……为止 ( 所在句子的主句应用现在或 过去完成时)
By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到那里的时候，他爸爸已经走了。
By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校时，已经开始上课了。
一 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
a、when, while和as的区别
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。
例如：
When she came in, I was eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）
b、 As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）
c、 as when while的辨析
as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：
as 表示“一边。。。一边"的意思
while 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时
when用于发生时间较短时
d、when
1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前 "或"之后"发生。
2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)
3.常用于常见搭配中
e、while
1、用于时间较长时
2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时
【注意：有时候这三个连词（when、while、as）可以互换，有时不可以。】例如：
lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.
我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)
When I had read the article, he called me.
我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)
He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.
他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”，while、as都不能代替 ）
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)
While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.
外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.
妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)
二、由before和after引导的时间状语从句。
注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。
还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。
After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。
例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）
三、由till或until引导的时间状语从句。
till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：
如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；
如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
四 、由since引导的时间状语从句。
since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
你问的那两道题是宾语补足语