(注:是专业英语,多为法律术语,莫要直译,多谢了!)
1:The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family.
2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified”systems:the basic law is set out in code.
3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century .
4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the
United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36)
5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39)
6: This means two things:the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review .
7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case
therefore no longer presente a live controversy .
8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign
Affairs .(P40)
9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process .
10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41)
11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states
through the supremacy clause .(P42)
12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local
governmental employees , but not federal enmloyees .
13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.”
14: Criminal Law ,branch of law that defines crimes ,establishes punishments .(P74)
15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article .
16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways
17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors .
18: In other jurisdictions , crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.
19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)