个体差异因素与第二语言习得 翻译四

Question

四、认知风格因素与第二语言习得
认知风格(cognitive style) , 又称认知模式, 是普通心理学中的概念。它指个体在信息加工过程中表现在认知组织和认知功能方面持久一贯的特有风格。它“既包括个体知觉、记忆、思维等认知过程方面的差异, 又包括个体态度、动机等人格形成和认知能力与认知功能方面的差异”。个体认知风格主要表现在以下几个方面: 场依存性与场独立性;分析性与非分析性概念化倾向; 对认知领域宽窄的选择; 复杂认知与简约认知; 冒险与保守。第二语言习得中起作用较大、研究的较多是场依存性和场独立性对第二语言习得的影响。美国心理学家威特金(H•A•Witkin) 及其同事古迪纳夫(D•R•Goodenough) 等根据30 余年的实验研究提出了一种场依存性人格维度构想理论, 主要内容是场依存性(field —dependence) 和场独立性(field —independence) 。他们认为属于连续体一端的人往往倾向于更多地利用内在参照标志主动地对外来信息加工, 这种人叫做独立于场的人; 而属于另一端的人则往往倾向于更多地利用内在参照标志,不那么主动地对外信息加工, 这种人叫做依赖于场的人。两种认知方式各有其比较适应的特殊生活情景, 无优劣之分, 只有联系对环境的适应性时才可加以评价。在个体发展上, 是从场依存向场独立性发展的; 在性别差异上, 儿童期不显著; 从青春期起,男性比女性更独立于场。至于两种认知方式在第二语言习得方面孰优孰劣, 目前尚无一致观点。依存于场的人易受上下文左右, 倾向于综合的学习方法, 擅长于经验式地学习语言, 语言交际能力强。独立于场的人则倾向于分析方法, 适合语言形式的研究、学习, 见长于语言知识和语法结构的测试等。总体上看, 独立于场的人在书面和口头两种测试中成绩均好于依存于场的人。

Answer 1

4. Cognitive style and the acquisition of a second language
Cognitive style, also known as cognitive mode is a concept in general psychology. It refers to a sustained and consistent unique style of an individual’s cognitive organization and function in the course of his information processing. It ‘includes the cognitive process differences in terms of an individual’s perception, memory and thought, it also includes the differences between the formation of personality like attitude, motives, and the cognitive ability and function of an individual.’ The cognitive style of an individual mainly manifests in the following aspects: field-dependence and field-independence, conceptualized inclination of analyticity and non-analyticity, selection of cognitive widths, complex and concise cognitions, adventurous and conservative. Field-dependence and field-independence play a stronger role in the acquisition of a second language, and relatively more researches had been done on its impact on the same.
Based on more than 30 years of experimental study, US psychologist H.A.Witkin and his colleague, D.R.Goodenough have come up with a field dependent personality dimension concept theory; which mainly deals with field-dependence and field- independence. They believe that people at one end of a continuum are usually more inclined to use their intrinsic reference markers to process information actively; this type of people is called field-independence. While people at the other end are usually more inclined to use their intrinsic reference markers to process information not so actively, this type of people is called field-dependence. Each of these two cognitive styles has its own adaptation to special life scenes; there is no merit comparison between them; only when adaptation to environment is taken into account can it be evaluated. On the development of individual, it is from field-dependence to field-independence; and on gender difference, it is inconspicuous during childhoods, but from puberty onwards, men are more field-independent than women. As regards the comparison of the two cognitive styles, presently there is no consensus on which one is better in the acquisition of a second language. For those who are field-dependent, they are easily affected by the context and inclined to the integrated learning method; they are good at learning language by experience, and possess strong verbal communication ability. For those who are field-independent, they are inclined to the analytical method of learning, suitable to research and study the linguistic form; they are proficient in the knowledge of language and the tests of syntactic structures. Generally speaking, in terms of written and oral tests, the field-independence can score better results than the field-dependence.

Answer 2

Fourth, cognitive style factors and Second Language Acquisition
Cognitive Style (cognitive style), also known as the cognitive model is the concept of general psychology. It refers to individuals in the information processing in cognitive performance and cognitive function lasting consistent unique style. It "includes both individual perception, memory, thinking, and so the difference in the cognitive process, including individual attitudes, motivation and personality formation of cognitive ability and the difference in cognitive function." Cognitive style mainly in the following areas: market interdependence and Field independence of non-analytical analysis and conceptualization of a tendency on the cognitive areas of the choice of width; complex and simple cognitive cognitive; adventurous and conservative. Second Language Acquisition larger role in the research field is more interdependence and independence of the field of second language acquisition. American psychologists witkin (H • A • Witkin) and his colleagues Goodenough (D • R • Goodenough), in accordance with more than 30 years of experimental study of the personality dimensions of a concept of interdependence field theory, is the main content Field Dependence (field-dependence) and field-independence (field-independence). They believe that the end of a row of a tendency for more people to use the initiative to sign internal reference external information processing, such people called independent of the market; belonging to the other side of the people are often more inclined to use intrinsic reference mark, then take the initiative to external information processing, such a person is called depends on the person field. Both methods have their cognitive adapted to the specific life scenarios without merits of the points, the only link adaptation to the environment, can be evaluated. In individual development, from field to field-independence interdependent development in gender differences, childhood is not significant from puberty onwards, more men than women independent of the field. As for the two Cognitive Style in Second Language Acquisition merits respect, there is no unanimous view. Field of vulnerable people dependent on the context about preferred integrated approach to learning and excels in the experience of language learning, language communication ability. Independent of the people who tend to field analysis method for the study of language, learning, knowledge and skilled in the language syntax structure of tests. Generally speaking, independent of the field in both written and oral tests results are dependent on the good field people.

Answer 3

正确答案：
Cognitive Style (cognitive style), also known as the cognitive model is the concept of general psychology. It refers to individuals in the information processing in cognitive performance and cognitive function lasting consistent unique style. It "includes both individual perception, memory, thinking, and so the difference in the cognitive process, including individual attitudes, motivation and personality formation of cognitive ability and the difference in cognitive function." Cognitive style mainly in the following areas: market interdependence and Field independence of non-analytical analysis and conceptualization of a tendency on the cognitive areas of the choice of width; complex and simple cognitive cognitive; adventurous and conservative. Second Language Acquisition larger role in the research field is more interdependence and independence of the field of second language acquisition. American psychologists witkin (H • A • Witkin) and his colleagues Goodenough (D • R • Goodenough), in accordance with more than 30 years of experimental study of the personality dimensions of a concept of interdependence field theory, is the main content Field Dependence (field-dependence) and field-independence (field-independence). They believe that the end of a row of a tendency for more people to use the initiative to sign internal reference external information processing, such people called independent of the market; belonging to the other side of the people are often more inclined to use intrinsic reference mark, then take the initiative to external information processing, such a person is called depends on the person field. Both methods have their cognitive adapted to the specific life scenarios without merits of the points, the only link adaptation to the environment, can be evaluated. In individual development, from field to field-independence interdependent development in gender differences, childhood is not significant from puberty onwards, more men than women independent of the field. As for the two Cognitive Style in Second Language Acquisition merits respect, there is no unanimous view. Field of vulnerable people dependent on the context about preferred integrated approach to learning and excels in the experience of language learning, language communication ability. Independent of the people who tend to field analysis method for the study of language, learning, knowledge and skilled in the language syntax structure of tests. Generally speaking, independent of the field in both written and oral tests results are dependent on the good field people.

Answer 4

Cognitive Style (cognitive style), also known as the cognitive model is the concept of general psychology. It refers to individuals in the information processing in cognitive performance and cognitive function lasting consistent unique style. It "includes both individual perception, memory, thinking, and so the difference in the cognitive process, including individual attitudes, motivation and personality formation of cognitive ability and the difference in cognitive function." Cognitive style mainly in the following areas: market interdependence and Field independence of non-analytical analysis and conceptualization of a tendency on the cognitive areas of the choice of width; complex and simple cognitive cognitive; adventurous and conservative. Second Language Acquisition larger role in the research field is more interdependence and independence of the field of second language acquisition. American psychologists witkin (H • A • Witkin) and his colleagues Goodenough (D • R • Goodenough), in accordance with more than 30 years of experimental study of the personality dimensions of a concept of interdependence field theory, is the main content Field Dependence (field-dependence) and field-independence (field-independence). They believe that the end of a row of a tendency for more people to use the initiative to sign internal reference external information processing, such people called independent of the market; belonging to the other side of the people are often more inclined to use intrinsic reference mark, then take the initiative to external information processing, such a person is called depends on the person field. Both methods have their cognitive adapted to the specific life scenarios without merits of the points, the only link adaptation to the environment, can be evaluated. In individual development, from field to field-independence interdependent development in gender differences, childhood is not significant from puberty onwards, more men than women independent of the field. As for the two Cognitive Style in Second Language Acquisition merits respect, there is no unanimous view. Field of vulnerable people dependent on the context about preferred integrated approach to learning and excels in the experience of language learning, language communication ability. Independent of the people who tend to field analysis method for the study of language, learning, knowledge and skilled in the language syntax structure of tests. Generally speaking, independent of the field in both written and oral tests results are dependent on the good field people.