If的用法 一、连词if用于条件和假设句中：1. If you study hard you will pass the exam.如果你努力学习，那么你就能通过这次考试。（真实条件）2. I shall not go out if you come tomorrow.如果你明天来，那我就不出去了。（这是真实条件。注意条件状语从句不用将来时态，要用现在时态来代替。在本情况下，主要靠主句谓语将来时态来判别）3. If I were not busy now, I should go to the meeting.要是我现在不忙，我就去开会了。（对现在事实相反的假设，谓语都用虚拟语气。）4. If he had not been busy yesterday, he would have come to the meeting.假如他昨天不忙，他早就来开会了。（对过去事实相反的假设，谓语都用虚拟语气。注意和上句表示形式不同。）二、连词if用于宾语从句，作“是否”解：1. I don’t know if the figures are accurate.我不知这些数字是否精确。2. He asked us if English is our major subject.他问了我们英语是不是我们的主要课程。注：用if和whether引导宾语从句时稍有差别。三、用以表示与事实相反的愿望：1. If he were in Tianjin now! 要是此刻他在天津多好啊！2. If I could only see them once more! 但愿我能再次见到他们就好了！3. If only he had known about it! 他当时知道这件事就好了！4. If only she arrives in time! 她若能及时到达就好了！四、if用于条件状语从句，其中有省略成分：1. That is important, if (it is )true.如果属实，那很重要。2. If (it is )not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.如果管理不善，灌溉还可能有害处。3. If (it is)necessary we shall put the meeting off.如果需要的话，我们将延期开会。五、if any，if ever和if anything的用法：if any和if ever含有“果真有”、“即使有”的意思，相当于if there is any at all。而if anything相当于if there is anything（或any difference），含有“如果有些什么”、“如果稍有区别的话”的意思。若主句有few，little，seldom，rarely等否定词，则上述从句为让步状语从句，否则为一般表示条件状语从句。例如：1. I think that there is little, if any, hope.（让步状语从句）我认为希望很小。（没按原文结构翻译）2. It occurs seldom. if ever.（让步状语从句）即使有其事，也并不多。3. True greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank or power.（让步状语从句）真正的伟大几乎与地位或权力无关。4. There are few, if any, English books.（让步状语从句）几乎没有什么英语书。（意指“英语书即便有，也是很少。”）5. Defects in the machine parts, if any, can be detected by this new-type instrument.（条件状语从句）机器零件内的缺陷，如果有的话，可用这种新型仪器检测。6. The question now is what energy, if anything, is required to bring about such a rotation.（条件状语从句）现在问题是，如果需要一种能量，究竟要哪种能量来产生这样的一种转动。六、if用于even if和as if中，分别引出让步状语从句或行为方式状语从句：1. Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.（让步状语从句）即便失败，你也可以取得些经验教训。2. Remember, science requires your whole life. And even if you had two lives to give, they would not be enough.（让步状语从句）要记住，科学需要你献出整个的一生，即使你有两次生命也还是不够的。（后句用虚拟语气，因人不可能有两次生命。）3. They work with such enthusiasm as if (或 as though)they never knew fatigue.（行为方式状语从句）他们如此热情地工作，似乎从来不知道疲倦。4. Light often behaves as if it were made of particles.（行为方式状语从句）光常常表现出好像它是由粒子组成的。注：由as if引出的行为方式状语从句往往要用虚拟语气。
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