5,Policy makers have at their command two broad classes of policies with which to affect the economy. Monetary policy is controlled by the Federal Reserve System (the Fed). The instruments of monetary policy are changes in the stock of money, changes in the interest rate - the discount rate - at which the Fed lends money to banks, and some controls over the banking system. Fiscal policy is under the control of the Congress, and usually is initiated by the executive branch of the government. The instruments of fiscal policy are tax rates and government spending.
决策者在他们的指令中有两个级别宽的政策来影响经济. 联邦储备系统(联邦储备银行)控制货币政策.货币政策的手段是增减内货币存量,调整内利率贴现率,通过这些调整联邦储备系统借钱给银行,并掌控银行系统.财政政策在国会的控制之下,而且通常是由政府执行部门来启动的.财政政策的手段是税率和政府开销.
6,One of the central facts of policy is that the effects of monetary and fiscal policy on the economy are not fully predictable, neither in their timing nor in the extent to which they affect demand or supply. These two uncertainties are at the heart of the problem of stabilization policy.
政策的中心事实之一是货币和财政政策对经济的影响是不可完全预测的,既不在他们的计算时间内,也不在他们所影响需求的程度之中.这两个不确定性是稳定政策的两个核心问题.
7,Word processing is another major application of computers for office management. The data processed is not numbers but text. With office costs rising yearly, businesses have begun to recognize the value of WP, a computerized system of hardware and software for transforming ideas into printed text.
在办公室管理中,字处理是计算机的另一主要应用. 处理的数据不是数字,而是文本. 随着每年上涨的办公室费用, 字处理开始在商业中体现它的价值,一个配备硬件与软件的计算机系统,用来将想法转化为打印的文本.
8,The text chosen for output is formatted under software control. This includes centering, left and right justification, and horizontal and vertical spacing on a page. In conventional text preparation, 38 percent of all copy goes into the wastebasket because of typewriting errors. The nervousness a typist feels, particularly near the end of a page when an error will require retyping the entire pages, is eliminated in word processing since corrections can be made one letter, one word, on line, or one paragraph at a time after the page is typed, the word processor making al the necessary format adjustments for corrections automatically. Insertions and deletions ca also be performed easily by one command. A dictionary stored in the memory unit can be referenced quickly to check on spelling and syllable divisions.
用于输出的文档将在软件的控制下被格式化.这其中包括居中,左右对齐,和水平,垂直页边距. 在传统的文本准备过程中,因为打字错误,所有副本的38%将被扔进废纸篓.一位打字员会感到紧张, 特别是快打完一页的时候,这时一个错误可能导致整页要重打一遍,这种紧张在字处理器中会消除,因为在页面上打字时,每输入一个字母,一个单词,一行,一个段落都会得到校正,字处理器会自动做必要的格式校正.一个指令就可以轻松地完成插入和删除.储存在记忆单元里的字典能快速被引用来检查拼写和音节分隔.
9,Stabilization policy is also known as countercyclical policy, that is , policy to moderate the trade cycle or business cycle. The cycles in the past 20 years have been far from regular. The behavior, and even the existence, of the trade cycle is substantially affected by the conduct of stabilization policy. Successful stabilization policy smooths out the cycle, while unsuccessful stabilization policy may worsen the fluctuations of the economy. Indeed, on of the tenets of monetarism is that the major fluctuations of the economy are a result of government actions rather than the inherent instability of the economy's private sector.
稳定政策,也被称为反经济循环周期的政策,即适度的贸易政策和商业周期循环,在过去20年这个周期是不规律的.这种行为,即使存在的贸易周期实际上也大大的影响了稳定政策的进行.成功的稳定政策使周期平稳,但是不成功的稳定政策可能会使经济波动加剧.事实上,货币主义原则就是经济的波动主要是政府行动的结果而不是经济的私营部门的固有不稳定.
10,Order promising means making a commitment to the customer to ship of deliver an order. Order promise by operations management also serves as its commitment to the partnership that marketing and operations should have. Speedy notice of order promise can provide salespeople with sound information for use in making any delivery arrangements.
订单承诺就是对顾客下的订单所做的承诺.运营管理者所作的订单承诺同时也对他们的工作搭档,包括市场和运营部门负责.及时重视订单承诺的能为销售业员尽快健全销售信息,供作运送安排.
11,The goal of the field of OBM is to establish a technology of broad-scale performance improvement and organizational change so that employees will be more productive and happy, and so that our organizations and institutions will be more effective and efficient in achieving their goals.
组织行为管理领域的目标就是建立一项大规模能改进绩效和组织变革的技术,这种技术能使雇员变得更有效率和快乐.因此我们的团体和机构将在达成目标上变得更加务实高效.
12,Awareness of the strategic opportunities and threats posed and faced by MNCs is important to planner in almost every domestic U.S. industry. Among的 U.S.- headquartered corporations that receive more than 50 percent of their annual profits from foreign operations are Citicorp, the Coca-Cola company, Exxon Corporation, the Gillette Company, IBM, Otis Elevator, and Texas Instruments.
在几乎所有美国国内的产业,察觉战略性机会和面对威机意识对跨国公司计划者是非常重要的. 在美国企业总部获得的年利润超过百分之五十都来自花旗,可口可乐公司,埃克森公司,吉列公司,IBM,奥蒂斯升降机,得克萨斯仪器的对外业务.
13,The doctrine of comparative advantage explains that each nation should focus in producing goods where they have a cost advantage over other nations.
相对优势理论指出每个国家应集中在拥有成本优势的地方去生产的产品.
Adam Smith, in his Wealth of Nations(1776) is often given credit for starting the industrial revolution. Adam Smith believed that selfishness, in an ethical sense, is not highly rated.
Adam Smith 1776年出版经常被赞誉为兴起了工业革命. Adam Smith 相信从道德观念讲,怎么并不好.
In this ideal of a "free market" economy, there was a tight knit circle of interdependence: Self-interest created high investments which allowed for high productivity which allowed for higher levels of consumption which allowed for –and encouraged- ever higher levels of investment to satisfy that consumption. The circle was complete.
在理想的"自由市场"的经济,是严格的相互依存关系紧密的循环:私利导致高投资创造高效率,高层次的消费;另一方面鼓励的更高的投资水平来满足消费需求.循环结束.
OBM 组织行为管理
Instruments of the Capital Market 资本市场工具
Stocks 股票
Corporation Bonds 公司债券
Municipal Bonds 政府债券
U.S. Government Notes and Bonds 美国政府债券
Mortgages 抵押贷款
MNC 跨国公司 multinational company
Industrial revolution 工业革命
Zero defects 零缺点
Quality workforce 高水准员工
http://cache.baidu.com/c?word=policy%2Cmakers%2Chave%2Cat%2Ctheir%2Ccommand%2Ctwo%2Cbroad%2Cclasses%2Cof%2Cpolicies%2Cwith&url=http%3A//www%2Emudfan%2Ecom/images/upload/2006/06/26/144146%2Edoc&b=0&a=8&user=baidu本回答被网友采纳