泰戈尔``

Question

那位好心人有泰戈尔英文的简介阿
还有关于他的作品 平生
越多越好！
谢谢呵``
作业急用

Answer 1

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)

Greatest writer in modern Indian literature, Bengali poet, novelist, educator, and an early advocate of Independence for India. Tagaore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Two years later he was awarded the knighthood, but he surrendered it in 1919 as a protest against the Massacre of Amritsar, where British troops killed some 400 Indian demonstrators. Tagore's influence over Gandhi and the founders of modern India was enormous, but his reputation in the West as a mystic has perhaps mislead his Western readers to ignore his role as a reformer and critic of colonialism.

"When one knows thee, then alien there is none, then no door is shut. Oh, grant me my prayer that I may never lose touch of the one in the play of the many." (from Gitanjali)
Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta into a wealthy and prominent Brahman family. His father was Maharishi Debendranath Tagore, a religious reformer and scholar. His mother, Sarada Devi, died when Tagore was very young - he realized that she will never come back was when her body was carried through a gate to a place where it was burned. Tagore's grandfather had established a huge financial empire for himself. He helped a number of public projects, such as Calcutta Medical College.

The Tagores tried to combine traditional Indian culture with Western ideas; all the children contributed significantly to Bengali literature and culture. However, in My Reminiscences Tagore mentions that it was not until the age of ten when he started to use socks and shoes. And servants beat the children regularly. Tagore, the youngest, started to compose poems at the age of eight. Tagore's first book, a collection of poems, appeared when he was 17; it was published by Tagore's friend who wanted to surprise him.

Tagore received his early education first from tutors and then at a variety of schools. Among them were Bengal Academy where he studied history and culture. At University College, London, he studied law but left after a year - he did not like the weather. Once he gave a beggar a cold coin - it was more than the beggar had expected and he returned it. In England Tagore started to compose the poem 'Bhagna Hridaj' (a broken heart).

In 1883 Tagore married Mrinalini Devi Raichaudhuri, with whom he had two sons and three daughters. In 1890 Tagore moved to East Bengal (now Bangladesh), where he collected local legends and folklore. Between 1893 and 1900 he wrote seven volumes of poetry, including SONAR TARI (The Golden Boat), 1894 and KHANIKA, 1900. This was highly productive period in Tagore's life, and earned him the rather misleading epitaph 'The Bengali Shelley.' More important was that Tagore wrote in the common language of the people. This also was something that was hard to accept among his critics and scholars.

Tagore was the first Indian to bring an element of psychological realism to his novels. Among his early major prose works are CHOCHER BALI (1903, Eyesore) and NASHTANIR (1901, The Broken Nest), published first serially. Between 1891 and 1895 he published forty-four short stories in Bengali periodical, most of them in the monthly journal Sadhana.

Especially Tagore's short stories influenced deeply Indian Literature. 'Punishment', a much anthologized work, was set in a rural village. It describes the oppression of women through the tragedy of the low-caste Rui family. Chandara is a proud, beautiful woman, "buxom, well-rounded, compact and sturdy," her husband, Chidam, is a farm-laborer, who works in the fields with his brother Dukhiram. One day when they return home after whole day of toil and humiliation, Dukhiram kills in anger his sloppy and slovenly wife because his food was not ready. To help his brother, Chidam's tells to police that his wife struck her sister-in-law with the farm-knife. Chandara takes the blame on to herself. 'In her thoughts, Chandara was saying to her husband, "I shall give my youth to the gallows instead of you. My final ties in this life will be with them."' Afterwards both Chidam and Dukhiram try to confess that they were quilty but Chandara is convicted. Just before the hanging, the doctor says that her husband wants to see her. "To hell with him," says Chandara.

In 1901 Tagore founded a school outside Calcutta, Visva-Bharati, which was dedicated to emerging Western and Indian philosophy and education. It become a university in 1921. He produced poems, novels, stories, a history of India, textbooks, and treatises on pedagogy. Tagore's wife died in 1902, next year one of his daughters died, and in 1907 Tagore lost his younger son.

Tagore's reputation as a writer was established in the United States and in England after the publication of GITANJALI: SONG OFFERINGS, about divine and human love. The poems were translated into English by the author himself. In the introduction from 1912 William Butler Yates wrote: "These lyrics - which are in the original, my Indians tell me, full of subtlety of rhythm, of untranslatable delicacies of colour, of metrical invention - display in their thought a world I have dreamed of all my life long." Tagore's poems were also praised by Ezra Pound, and drew the attention of the Nobel Prize committee. "There is in him the stillness of nature. The poems do not seem to have been produced by storm or by ignition, but seem to show the normal habit of his mind. He is at one with nature, and finds no contradictions. And this is in sharp contrast with the Western mode, where man must be shown attempting to master nature if we are to have "great drama." (Ezra Pound in Fortnightly Review, 1 March 1913) However, Tagore also experimented with poetic forms and these works have lost much in translations into other languages.

Much of Tagore's ideology come from the teaching of the Upahishads and from his own beliefs that God can be found through personal purity and service to others. He stressed the need for new world order based on transnational values and ideas, the "unity consciousness." "The soil, in return for her service, keeps the tree tied to her; the sky asks nothing and leaves it free." Politically active in India, Tagore was a supporter of Gandhi, but warned of the dangers of nationalistic thought. Unable to gain ideological support to his views, he retired into relative solitude. Between the years 1916 and 1934 he travelled widely. From his journey to Japan in 1916 he produced articles and books. In 1927 he toured in Southeast Asia. Letters from Java, which first was serialized in Vichitra, was issued as a book, JATRI, in 1929. His Majesty, Riza Shah Pahlavi, invited Tagore to Iran in 1932. On his journeys and lecture tours Tagore attempted to spread the ideal of uniting East and West. While in Japan he wrote: "The Japanese do not waste their energy in useless screaming and quarreling, and because there is no waste of energy it is not found wanting when required. This calmness and fortitude of body and mind is part of their national self-realization."

Tagore wrote his most important works in Bengali, but he often translated his poems into English. At the age of 70 Tagore took up painting. He was also a composer, settings hundreds of poems to music. Many of his poems are actually songs, and inseparable from their music. Tagore's 'Our Golden Bengal' became the national anthem of Bangladesh. Only hours before he died on August 7, in 1941, Tagore dictated his last poem. His written production, still not completely collected, fills nearly 30 substantial volumes. Tagore remained a well-known and popular author in the West until the end of the 1920s, but nowadays he is not so much read.

For further reading: Rabindranath Tagore by Krishna Kripalani (1962); Rabindranath Tagore by H. Banerjee (1971); Rabindranath Tagore by B.C. Chakravorty (1971); An Introduction to Rabindranath Tagore by V.S. Naravene (1977); The Humanism of Rabindranath Tagore by M.R. Anand (1979); Rabindranath Tagore by S. Ghose (1986); The Unversal Man by S. Chattopadhyay (1987); Sir Rabindranath Tagore by K.S. Ramaswami Sastri (1988); Gandhi and Tagore by D.W. Atkinson (1989); Rabindranath Tagore by K. Basak (1991); Rabindranath Tagore by E.J. Thompson (1991) - Suom.: Tagorelta on myös suomennettu draamat Pimeän kammion kuningas ja muita dramoja, novellivalikoima Ahnaat paadet sekä teos Puutarhuri Eino Leinon käännöksenä 1913.
Selected works:

KABIKAHINI, 1878 - A Poet's Tale
SADHYA SANGEET, 1882 - Evening Songs
PRABHAT SANGEET, 1883 - Morning Songs
BAU-THAKURANIR HAT, 1883
RAJASHI, 1887
RAJA O RANI, 1889 - The King and the Queen / Devouring Love
VISARGAN, 1890 - Sacrifice
MANASI, 1890
IUROPE-JATRIR DIARI, 1891, 1893
VALMIKI PRATIBHA, 1893
SONAR TARI, 1894 - The Golden Boat
KHANIKA, 1900 - Moments
KATHA, 1900
KALPANA, 1900
NAIVEDYA, 1901
NASHTANIR, 1901 - The Broken Nest
SHARAN, 1902
BINODINI, 1902
CHOCHER BALI, 1903 - Eyesore
NAUKADUBI, 1905 - Haaksirikko
KHEYA, 1906
NAUKADUBI, 1906 - The Wreck
GORA, 1907-09 - suom.
SARADOTSAVA, 1908 - Autumn Festival
GALPAGUCCHA, 1912 - A Bunch of Stories
CHINNAPATRA, 1912
VIDAY-ABHISAP, 1912 - The Curse at Farewell
GITANJALI, 1912 - Song Offerings (new translation in 2000 by Joen Winter, publ. Anvil Press) - Uhrilauluja
JIBAN SMRTI, 1912 - My Reminiscenes - Elämäni muistoja , trans. by J. Hollo
DAKGHAR, 1912 - Post Office
The Crescent Moon, 1913
Glimpses of Bengal Life, 1913
The Hungry Stones and Other Stories, 1913
CHITRA, 1914 - transl.
GHITIMALAYA, 1914
The King of the Dark Chamber, 1914
The Post Office, 1914
Sadhana, 1914
GHARE-BAIRE, 1916 - The Home and the World - Koti ja maailma
BALAK, 1916 - A Flight of Swans
CHATURANGA, 1916 - transl.
Fruit Gathering, 1916
The Hungry Stones, 1916
Stray Birds, 1916
PERSONALITY, 1917 - Persoonallisuus
The Cycle of Spring, 1917
Sacrifice, and Other Plays, 1917
My Reminiscene, 1917
Nationalism, 1917
Mashi and Other Stories, 1918
Stories from Tagore, 1918
PALATAKA, 1918
JAPAN-JATRI, 1919 - A Visit to Japan
Greater India, 1921
The Fugitive, 1921
Creative Unity, 1921
LIPIKA, 1922
MUKTADHARA, 1922 - trans.
Poems, 1923
Gora, 1924
Letters from Abroad, 1924
Red Oleander, 1924
GRIHAPRABESH, 1925
Broken Ties and Other Stories, 1925
Rabindranath Tagore: Twenty-Two Poems, 1925
RAKTA-KARABI, 1925 - Red Oleanders
SADHANA, 1926 - suom.
NATIR PUJA, 1926 - transl.
Letters to a Friend, 1928
SESHER KAVITA, 1929 - Farewell, My Friend
MAHUA, 1929 - The Herald of Spring
JATRI, 1929
YAGAYOG, 1929
The Religion of Man, 1930
The Child, 1931
RASHIAR CHITHI, 1931 - Letters from Russia
PATRAPUT, 1932
PUNASCHA, 1932
Mahatmahi and the Depressed Humanity, 1932
The Golden Boat, 1932
Sheaves, Poems and Songs, 1932
DUI BON, 1933 - Two Sisters
CHANDALIKA, 1933 - transl.
MALANCHA, 1934 - The Garden
CHAR ADHYAYA, 1934 - Four Chapters
BITHIKA, 1935
SHESH SAPTAK, 1935
PATRAPUT, 1936
SYAMALI, 1936 - trans.
Collected Poems and Plays, 1936
KHAPCHARA, 1937
SEMJUTI, 1938
PRANTIK, 1938
PRAHASINI, 1939
PATHER SANCAY, 1939
AKASPRADIP, 1939
SYAMA, 1939
NABAJATAK, 1940
SHANAI, 1940
CHELEBELA, 1940 - My Boyhood Days
ROGSHAJYAY, 1940
AROGYA, 1941
JANMADINE, 1941
GALPASALPA, 1941
Last Poems, 1941
The Parrots Training, 1944
Rolland and Tagore, 1945
Three Plays, 1950
Crisis in Civilization, 1950
Sheaves, 1951
More Stories from Tagore, 1951
A Tagore's Testament, 1955
Our Universe, 1958
The Runaway and Other Stories, 1959
Wings of Death, 1960
GITABITAN, 1960
A Tagore Reader, 1961 (ed. by Amiya Chakravarty)
Towards Universal Man, 1961
On Art and Aesthetics, 1961
BICITRA, 1961
GALPAGUCCHA, 1960-62 (4 vols.)
Boundless Sky, 1964
The Housewarming, 1964
RABINDRA-RACANABALI, 1964-1966 (27 vols.)
Patraput, 1969
Imperfect Encounter, 1972
Later Poems, 1974
The Housewarming, 1977
Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Poems, 1985
Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Short Stories, 1991 (trans. by William Radice)
泰戈尔（1861～1941）
Tagore，Rabindranath
印度诗人，作家，艺术家，社会活动家。是向西方介绍印度文化和把西方文化介绍到印度的很有影响的人物。
生平 1861年5月7日生于西孟加拉邦加尔各答市，1941年8月7日卒于同地。家庭属于商人兼地主，婆罗门种姓。祖父德瓦尔格纳特·泰戈尔和父亲戴本德拉纳特·泰戈尔都是社会活动家，支持社会改革。泰戈尔进过东方学院、师范学校和孟加拉学院，但没有完成正规学习。他的知识得自父兄和家庭教师的耳提面命以及自己的努力者为多。他从13岁开始诗歌创作 ，14岁发表爱国诗篇《献给印度教徒庙会》。1878年，他遵父兄意愿赴英国留学，最初学习法律，后转入伦敦大学学习英国文学，研究西方音乐。1880年回国，专事文学创作。1884年，离开城市到乡村去管理祖传田产。1901年，在孟加拉博尔普尔附近的圣地尼克坦创办学校，这所学校于1921年发展成为交流亚洲文化的国际大学。1905年后民族解放运动进入高潮，孟加拉和全印度人民都反对孟加拉分割的决定，形成轰轰烈烈反帝爱国运动。泰戈尔去加尔各答投身运动，义愤填膺，写出大量爱国诗篇。但不久同运动其他领袖发生意见分歧，他不赞成群众焚烧英国货物、辱骂英国人的“直接行动”，而主张多做“建设性”工作，如到农村去发展工业、消灭贫困愚昧等。他于1907年退出运动回圣地尼克坦，过隐居生活，埋头创作。1913年，他因英文版《吉檀迦利》（Gitanjaei，即《牲之颂》，1911年出版）荣获诺贝尔文学奖，从此闻名世界文坛。加尔各答大学授予他博士学位。英国政府封他为爵士。第一次世界大战爆发后，他先后10余次远涉重洋，访问几十个国家和地区，传播和平友谊，从事文化交流。1919年，发生阿姆利则惨案，英国军队开枪打死1000多印度平民，泰戈尔声明放弃爵士称号，以示抗议。1930年，他访问苏联，写有《俄国书简》。他谴责意大利法西斯侵略阿比西尼亚（埃塞俄比亚）。支持西班牙共和国政府反对法西斯头子佛朗哥。第二次世界大战爆发后，他写文章斥责希特勒的不义行径。他始终关心世界政治和人民命运，支持人类的正义事业。

创作 在长达近70年的创作活动中，泰戈尔共写了50多部诗集，12部中长篇小说，100余篇短篇小说，20多部剧本，大量关于文学、哲学、政治方面的论著，还创作了1500余幅画和2000余首歌曲，其中1首为印度国歌。
13岁以后 ，泰戈尔发表了长诗《野花》、《诗人的故事》等，1881～1885年，出版抒情诗集《暮歌》、《晨歌》、《画与歌》，还有戏剧和长篇小说。戏剧和小说多取材于史诗和往世书，诗歌富于浪漫主义色彩。1886年，诗集《刚与柔》出版，标志着他在创作道路上进入面向人生与现实生活的时期。诗集《心中的向往》是他第一部成熟的作品，他的独特风格开始形成。这一时期还写了剧本《国王与王后》和《牺牲》，反对恢复婆罗门祭司的特权和落后习俗。19世纪90年代是泰戈尔创作的旺盛时期。从1891年起，在他主编的《萨塔纳》杂志上，发表《摩诃摩耶》等60多篇短篇小说，主要是反对封建压迫，揭露现实生活中不合理现象。他发表了《金帆船》、《缤纷集》、《收获集》、《梦幻集》、《刹那集》5 部抒情诗集，1部哲理短诗《微思集》和1部《故事诗集》。收入《缤纷集》的叙事诗《两亩地》是作者民主主义思想的最高表现。从《刹那集》起，他开始用孟加拉口语写诗。他的第二部英译诗集《园丁集》里的诗大多选自这一时期作品。
20世纪初泰戈尔遭遇到个人生活的不幸，丧偶、丧女、丧父的悲痛与伤感在诗集《回忆》、《儿童》和《渡船》中有真实记录。他另有两部长篇小说《小沙子》和《沉船》。1910年，长篇小说《戈拉》发表，它反映了印度社会生活中的复杂现象，塑造了争取民族自由解放的战士形象；歌颂了新印度教徒爱国主义热情和对祖国必获自由的信心，同时也批判他们维护旧传统的思想；对梵社某些人的教条主义、崇洋媚外也予以鞭挞 。这期间还写了象征剧《国王》和《邮局》及讽刺剧《顽固堡垒》。1910年，孟加拉文诗集《吉檀迦利》出版 ，后泰戈尔旅居伦敦时把《吉檀迦利》、《渡船》和《奉献集》里的部分诗作译成英文，1913年《吉檀迦利》英译本出版，泰戈尔成为亚洲第一个获诺贝尔文学奖的作家。他进入另一创作高潮，发表诗歌《歌之花环》、《颂歌》、《白鹤》、《逃避》，中长篇小说《四个人》与《家庭与世界》。20世纪20 年代泰戈尔仍坚持写作，发表剧本《摩克多塔拉》、《红夹竹桃》，长篇小说《纠纷》、《最后的诗篇》及一些诗作。30年代他又陆续出版长篇小说《两姐妹》、《花圃》、《四章》；戏剧《时代的车轮》、《纸牌王国》 ；诗集《再一次》、《边缘集》和政治抒情诗《礼佛》等。1941年4月 ，他写下最后遗言、有名的《文明的危机》，对英国殖民统治进行控诉，表达了对民族独立的坚定信念。

《泰戈尔作品集》中译本

思想发展与艺术成就 泰戈尔生逢急剧变革的时代，受到印度传统哲学思想和西方哲学思想的影响。但他世界观最基本最核心部分还是印度传统的泛神论思想 ，即“梵我合一”。在《缤纷集》中，他第一次提出“生命之神”观念。他对神的虔诚是和对生活、国家与人民的爱融合在一起的。但这使他的诗歌也蒙上了浓厚的神秘主义色彩。另外，他提倡东方的精神文明，但又不抹煞西方的物质文明。这些都使他的思想中充满了矛盾而表现在创作上。综观泰戈尔一生思想和创作发展 ，可大体分3个阶段：①幼年直至1910年前后，他积极参加反英政治活动，歌颂民族英雄，宣扬爱国主义，提倡印度民族大团结。②隐居生活直至1919年再次积极参加民族运动，爱国主义激情稍有消退，政治内容强的诗歌被带有神秘意味的诗歌所取代，也受了西方象征主义、唯美主义诗歌的影响，宣扬的是爱与和谐。③从1919年阿姆利则惨案开始直至逝世，他又开始关心政治，积极投入民族解放斗争，作品的内容又充满了政治激情，视野也开阔了，对世界和人类都十分关心 。可以说 ，泰戈尔一生的创作既有“菩萨慈眉”，也有“金刚怒目”。他的诗歌受印度古典文学、西方诗歌和孟加拉民间抒情诗歌的影响，多为不押韵、不雕琢的自由诗和散文诗；他的小说受西方小说的影响，又有创新，特别是把诗情画意融入其中，形成独特风格。
泰戈尔与中国 泰戈尔一贯强调印中两国人民团结友好合作的必要性。1881年，他写了《死亡的贸易》一文，谴责英国向中国倾销鸦片、毒害中国人民的罪行。1916年，他在日本发表谈话，抨击日本军国主义侵略中国的行动。1924年，他访问中国，回国发表了《在中国的谈话》。1937年，日本帝国主义发动侵华战争以后，他屡次发表公开信、谈话和诗篇，斥责日本帝国主义，同情和支持中国人民的正义斗争。中国作家郭沫若、郑振铎、冰心、徐志摩等人早期的创作，大多受过他的影响。他的作品早在1915年就已介绍到中国。几十年来出版的他的作品的中译本和评介著作为数很多。1961年为纪念他的百岁诞辰，人民文学出版社出版了10卷本《泰戈尔作品集》。

Answer 2

泰戈尔（1861～1941）
Tagore，Rabindranath
印度诗人，作家，艺术家，社会活动家。是向西方介绍印度文化和把西方文化介绍到印度的很有影响的人物。
生平 1861年5月7日生于西孟加拉邦加尔各答市，1941年8月7日卒于同地。家庭属于商人兼地主，婆罗门种姓。祖父德瓦尔格纳特·泰戈尔和父亲戴本德拉纳特·泰戈尔都是社会活动家，支持社会改革。泰戈尔进过东方学院、师范学校和孟加拉学院，但没有完成正规学习。他的知识得自父兄和家庭教师的耳提面命以及自己的努力者为多。他从13岁开始诗歌创作 ，14岁发表爱国诗篇《献给印度教徒庙会》。1878年，他遵父兄意愿赴英国留学，最初学习法律，后转入伦敦大学学习英国文学，研究西方音乐。1880年回国，专事文学创作。1884年，离开城市到乡村去管理祖传田产。1901年，在孟加拉博尔普尔附近的圣地尼克坦创办学校，这所学校于1921年发展成为交流亚洲文化的国际大学。1905年后民族解放运动进入高潮，孟加拉和全印度人民都反对孟加拉分割的决定，形成轰轰烈烈反帝爱国运动。泰戈尔去加尔各答投身运动，义愤填膺，写出大量爱国诗篇。但不久同运动其他领袖发生意见分歧，他不赞成群众焚烧英国货物、辱骂英国人的“直接行动”，而主张多做“建设性”工作，如到农村去发展工业、消灭贫困愚昧等。他于1907年退出运动回圣地尼克坦，过隐居生活，埋头创作。1913年，他因英文版《吉檀迦利》（Gitanjaei，即《牲之颂》，1911年出版）荣获诺贝尔文学奖，从此闻名世界文坛。加尔各答大学授予他博士学位。英国政府封他为爵士。第一次世界大战爆发后，他先后10余次远涉重洋，访问几十个国家和地区，传播和平友谊，从事文化交流。1919年，发生阿姆利则惨案，英国军队开枪打死1000多印度平民，泰戈尔声明放弃爵士称号，以示抗议。1930年，他访问苏联，写有《俄国书简》。他谴责意大利法西斯侵略阿比西尼亚（埃塞俄比亚）。支持西班牙共和国政府反对法西斯头子佛朗哥。第二次世界大战爆发后，他写文章斥责希特勒的不义行径。他始终关心世界政治和人民命运，支持人类的正义事业。

创作 在长达近70年的创作活动中，泰戈尔共写了50多部诗集，12部中长篇小说，100余篇短篇小说，20多部剧本，大量关于文学、哲学、政治方面的论著，还创作了1500余幅画和2000余首歌曲，其中1首为印度国歌。
13岁以后 ，泰戈尔发表了长诗《野花》、《诗人的故事》等，1881～1885年，出版抒情诗集《暮歌》、《晨歌》、《画与歌》，还有戏剧和长篇小说。戏剧和小说多取材于史诗和往世书，诗歌富于浪漫主义色彩。1886年，诗集《刚与柔》出版，标志着他在创作道路上进入面向人生与现实生活的时期。诗集《心中的向往》是他第一部成熟的作品，他的独特风格开始形成。这一时期还写了剧本《国王与王后》和《牺牲》，反对恢复婆罗门祭司的特权和落后习俗。19世纪90年代是泰戈尔创作的旺盛时期。从1891年起，在他主编的《萨塔纳》杂志上，发表《摩诃摩耶》等60多篇短篇小说，主要是反对封建压迫，揭露现实生活中不合理现象。他发表了《金帆船》、《缤纷集》、《收获集》、《梦幻集》、《刹那集》5 部抒情诗集，1部哲理短诗《微思集》和1部《故事诗集》。收入《缤纷集》的叙事诗《两亩地》是作者民主主义思想的最高表现。从《刹那集》起，他开始用孟加拉口语写诗。他的第二部英译诗集《园丁集》里的诗大多选自这一时期作品。
20世纪初泰戈尔遭遇到个人生活的不幸，丧偶、丧女、丧父的悲痛与伤感在诗集《回忆》、《儿童》和《渡船》中有真实记录。他另有两部长篇小说《小沙子》和《沉船》。1910年，长篇小说《戈拉》发表，它反映了印度社会生活中的复杂现象，塑造了争取民族自由解放的战士形象；歌颂了新印度教徒爱国主义热情和对祖国必获自由的信心，同时也批判他们维护旧传统的思想；对梵社某些人的教条主义、崇洋媚外也予以鞭挞 。这期间还写了象征剧《国王》和《邮局》及讽刺剧《顽固堡垒》。1910年，孟加拉文诗集《吉檀迦利》出版 ，后泰戈尔旅居伦敦时把《吉檀迦利》、《渡船》和《奉献集》里的部分诗作译成英文，1913年《吉檀迦利》英译本出版，泰戈尔成为亚洲第一个获诺贝尔文学奖的作家。他进入另一创作高潮，发表诗歌《歌之花环》、《颂歌》、《白鹤》、《逃避》，中长篇小说《四个人》与《家庭与世界》。20世纪20 年代泰戈尔仍坚持写作，发表剧本《摩克多塔拉》、《红夹竹桃》，长篇小说《纠纷》、《最后的诗篇》及一些诗作。30年代他又陆续出版长篇小说《两姐妹》、《花圃》、《四章》；戏剧《时代的车轮》、《纸牌王国》 ；诗集《再一次》、《边缘集》和政治抒情诗《礼佛》等。1941年4月 ，他写下最后遗言、有名的《文明的危机》，对英国殖民统治进行控诉，表达了对民族独立的坚定信念。

《泰戈尔作品集》中译本

思想发展与艺术成就 泰戈尔生逢急剧变革的时代，受到印度传统哲学思想和西方哲学思想的影响。但他世界观最基本最核心部分还是印度传统的泛神论思想 ，即“梵我合一”。在《缤纷集》中，他第一次提出“生命之神”观念。他对神的虔诚是和对生活、国家与人民的爱融合在一起的。但这使他的诗歌也蒙上了浓厚的神秘主义色彩。另外，他提倡东方的精神文明，但又不抹煞西方的物质文明。这些都使他的思想中充满了矛盾而表现在创作上。综观泰戈尔一生思想和创作发展 ，可大体分3个阶段：①幼年直至1910年前后，他积极参加反英政治活动，歌颂民族英雄，宣扬爱国主义，提倡印度民族大团结。②隐居生活直至1919年再次积极参加民族运动，爱国主义激情稍有消退，政治内容强的诗歌被带有神秘意味的诗歌所取代，也受了西方象征主义、唯美主义诗歌的影响，宣扬的是爱与和谐。③从1919年阿姆利则惨案开始直至逝世，他又开始关心政治，积极投入民族解放斗争，作品的内容又充满了政治激情，视野也开阔了，对世界和人类都十分关心 。可以说 ，泰戈尔一生的创作既有“菩萨慈眉”，也有“金刚怒目”。他的诗歌受印度古典文学、西方诗歌和孟加拉民间抒情诗歌的影响，多为不押韵、不雕琢的自由诗和散文诗；他的小说受西方小说的影响，又有创新，特别是把诗情画意融入其中，形成独特风格。
泰戈尔与中国 泰戈尔一贯强调印中两国人民团结友好合作的必要性。1881年，他写了《死亡的贸易》一文，谴责英国向中国倾销鸦片、毒害中国人民的罪行。1916年，他在日本发表谈话，抨击日本军国主义侵略中国的行动。1924年，他访问中国，回国发表了《在中国的谈话》。1937年，日本帝国主义发动侵华战争以后，他屡次发表公开信、谈话和诗篇，斥责日本帝国主义，同情和支持中国人民的正义斗争。中国作家郭沫若、郑振铎、冰心、徐志摩等人早期的创作，大多受过他的影响。他的作品早在1915年就已介绍到中国。几十年来出版的他的作品的中译本和评介著作为数很多。1961年为纪念他的百岁诞辰，人民文学出版社出版了10卷本《泰戈尔作品集》。

Answer 3

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)

Greatest writer in modern Indian literature, Bengali poet, novelist, educator, and an early advocate of Independence for India. Tagaore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Two years later he was awarded the knighthood, but he surrendered it in 1919 as a protest against the Massacre of Amritsar, where British troops killed some 400 Indian demonstrators. Tagore's influence over Gandhi and the founders of modern India was enormous, but his reputation in the West as a mystic has perhaps mislead his Western readers to ignore his role as a reformer and critic of colonialism.

"When one knows thee, then alien there is none, then no door is shut. Oh, grant me my prayer that I may never lose touch of the one in the play of the many." (from Gitanjali)
Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta into a wealthy and prominent Brahman family. His father was Maharishi Debendranath Tagore, a religious reformer and scholar. His mother, Sarada Devi, died when Tagore was very young - he realized that she will never come back was when her body was carried through a gate to a place where it was burned. Tagore's grandfather had established a huge financial empire for himself. He helped a number of public projects, such as Calcutta Medical College.

The Tagores tried to combine traditional Indian culture with Western ideas; all the children contributed significantly to Bengali literature and culture. However, in My Reminiscences Tagore mentions that it was not until the age of ten when he started to use socks and shoes. And servants beat the children regularly. Tagore, the youngest, started to compose poems at the age of eight. Tagore's first book, a collection of poems, appeared when he was 17; it was published by Tagore's friend who wanted to surprise him.

Tagore received his early education first from tutors and then at a variety of schools. Among them were Bengal Academy where he studied history and culture. At University College, London, he studied law but left after a year - he did not like the weather. Once he gave a beggar a cold coin - it was more than the beggar had expected and he returned it. In England Tagore started to compose the poem 'Bhagna Hridaj' (a broken heart).

In 1883 Tagore married Mrinalini Devi Raichaudhuri, with whom he had two sons and three daughters. In 1890 Tagore moved to East Bengal (now Bangladesh), where he collected local legends and folklore. Between 1893 and 1900 he wrote seven volumes of poetry, including SONAR TARI (The Golden Boat), 1894 and KHANIKA, 1900. This was highly productive period in Tagore's life, and earned him the rather misleading epitaph 'The Bengali Shelley.' More important was that Tagore wrote in the common language of the people. This also was something that was hard to accept among his critics and scholars.

Tagore was the first Indian to bring an element of psychological realism to his novels. Among his early major prose works are CHOCHER BALI (1903, Eyesore) and NASHTANIR (1901, The Broken Nest), published first serially. Between 1891 and 1895 he published forty-four short stories in Bengali periodical, most of them in the monthly journal Sadhana.

Especially Tagore's short stories influenced deeply Indian Literature. 'Punishment', a much anthologized work, was set in a rural village. It describes the oppression of women through the tragedy of the low-caste Rui family. Chandara is a proud, beautiful woman, "buxom, well-rounded, compact and sturdy," her husband, Chidam, is a farm-laborer, who works in the fields with his brother Dukhiram. One day when they return home after whole day of toil and humiliation, Dukhiram kills in anger his sloppy and slovenly wife because his food was not ready. To help his brother, Chidam's tells to police that his wife struck her sister-in-law with the farm-knife. Chandara takes the blame on to herself. 'In her thoughts, Chandara was saying to her husband, "I shall give my youth to the gallows instead of you. My final ties in this life will be with them."' Afterwards both Chidam and Dukhiram try to confess that they were quilty but Chandara is convicted. Just before the hanging, the doctor says that her husband wants to see her. "To hell with him," says Chandara.

In 1901 Tagore founded a school outside Calcutta, Visva-Bharati, which was dedicated to emerging Western and Indian philosophy and education. It become a university in 1921. He produced poems, novels, stories, a history of India, textbooks, and treatises on pedagogy. Tagore's wife died in 1902, next year one of his daughters died, and in 1907 Tagore lost his younger son.

Tagore's reputation as a writer was established in the United States and in England after the publication of GITANJALI: SONG OFFERINGS, about divine and human love. The poems were translated into English by the author himself. In the introduction from 1912 William Butler Yates wrote: "These lyrics - which are in the original, my Indians tell me, full of subtlety of rhythm, of untranslatable delicacies of colour, of metrical invention - display in their thought a world I have dreamed of all my life long." Tagore's poems were also praised by Ezra Pound, and drew the attention of the Nobel Prize committee. "There is in him the stillness of nature. The poems do not seem to have been produced by storm or by ignition, but seem to show the normal habit of his mind. He is at one with nature, and finds no contradictions. And this is in sharp contrast with the Western mode, where man must be shown attempting to master nature if we are to have "great drama." (Ezra Pound in Fortnightly Review, 1 March 1913) However, Tagore also experimented with poetic forms and these works have lost much in translations into other languages.

Much of Tagore's ideology come from the teaching of the Upahishads and from his own beliefs that God can be found through personal purity and service to others. He stressed the need for new world order based on transnational values and ideas, the "unity consciousness." "The soil, in return for her service, keeps the tree tied to her; the sky asks nothing and leaves it free." Politically active in India, Tagore was a supporter of Gandhi, but warned of the dangers of nationalistic thought. Unable to gain ideological support to his views, he retired into relative solitude. Between the years 1916 and 1934 he travelled widely. From his journey to Japan in 1916 he produced articles and books. In 1927 he toured in Southeast Asia. Letters from Java, which first was serialized in Vichitra, was issued as a book, JATRI, in 1929. His Majesty, Riza Shah Pahlavi, invited Tagore to Iran in 1932. On his journeys and lecture tours Tagore attempted to spread the ideal of uniting East and West. While in Japan he wrote: "The Japanese do not waste their energy in useless screaming and quarreling, and because there is no waste of energy it is not found wanting when required. This calmness and fortitude of body and mind is part of their national self-realization."

Tagore wrote his most important works in Bengali, but he often translated his poems into English. At the age of 70 Tagore took up painting. He was also a composer, settings hundreds of poems to music. Many of his poems are actually songs, and inseparable from their music. Tagore's 'Our Golden Bengal' became the national anthem of Bangladesh. Only hours before he died on August 7, in 1941, Tagore dictated his last poem. His written production, still not completely collected, fills nearly 30 substantial volumes. Tagore remained a well-known and popular author in the West until the end of the 1920s, but nowadays he is not so much read.

For further reading: Rabindranath Tagore by Krishna Kripalani (1962); Rabindranath Tagore by H. Banerjee (1971); Rabindranath Tagore by B.C. Chakravorty (1971); An Introduction to Rabindranath Tagore by V.S. Naravene (1977); The Humanism of Rabindranath Tagore by M.R. Anand (1979); Rabindranath Tagore by S. Ghose (1986); The Unversal Man by S. Chattopadhyay (1987); Sir Rabindranath Tagore by K.S. Ramaswami Sastri (1988); Gandhi and Tagore by D.W. Atkinson (1989); Rabindranath Tagore by K. Basak (1991); Rabindranath Tagore by E.J. Thompson (1991) - Suom.: Tagorelta on myös suomennettu draamat Pimeän kammion kuningas ja muita dramoja, novellivalikoima Ahnaat paadet sekä teos Puutarhuri Eino Leinon käännöksenä 1913.
Selected works:

KABIKAHINI, 1878 - A Poet's Tale
SADHYA SANGEET, 1882 - Evening Songs
PRABHAT SANGEET, 1883 - Morning Songs
BAU-THAKURANIR HAT, 1883
RAJASHI, 1887
RAJA O RANI, 1889 - The King and the Queen / Devouring Love
VISARGAN, 1890 - Sacrifice
MANASI, 1890
IUROPE-JATRIR DIARI, 1891, 1893
VALMIKI PRATIBHA, 1893
SONAR TARI, 1894 - The Golden Boat
KHANIKA, 1900 - Moments
KATHA, 1900
KALPANA, 1900
NAIVEDYA, 1901
NASHTANIR, 1901 - The Broken Nest
SHARAN, 1902
BINODINI, 1902
CHOCHER BALI, 1903 - Eyesore
NAUKADUBI, 1905 - Haaksirikko
KHEYA, 1906
NAUKADUBI, 1906 - The Wreck
GORA, 1907-09 - suom.
SARADOTSAVA, 1908 - Autumn Festival
GALPAGUCCHA, 1912 - A Bunch of Stories
CHINNAPATRA, 1912
VIDAY-ABHISAP, 1912 - The Curse at Farewell
GITANJALI, 1912 - Song Offerings (new translation in 2000 by Joen Winter, publ. Anvil Press) - Uhrilauluja
JIBAN SMRTI, 1912 - My Reminiscenes - Elämäni muistoja , trans. by J. Hollo
DAKGHAR, 1912 - Post Office
The Crescent Moon, 1913
Glimpses of Bengal Life, 1913
The Hungry Stones and Other Stories, 1913
CHITRA, 1914 - transl.
GHITIMALAYA, 1914
The King of the Dark Chamber, 1914
The Post Office, 1914
Sadhana, 1914
GHARE-BAIRE, 1916 - The Home and the World - Koti ja maailma
BALAK, 1916 - A Flight of Swans
CHATURANGA, 1916 - transl.
Fruit Gathering, 1916
The Hungry Stones, 1916
Stray Birds, 1916
PERSONALITY, 1917 - Persoonallisuus
The Cycle of Spring, 1917
Sacrifice, and Other Plays, 1917
My Reminiscene, 1917
Nationalism, 1917
Mashi and Other Stories, 1918
Stories from Tagore, 1918
PALATAKA, 1918
JAPAN-JATRI, 1919 - A Visit to Japan
Greater India, 1921
The Fugitive, 1921
Creative Unity, 1921
LIPIKA, 1922
MUKTADHARA, 1922 - trans.
Poems, 1923
Gora, 1924
Letters from Abroad, 1924
Red Oleander, 1924
GRIHAPRABESH, 1925
Broken Ties and Other Stories, 1925
Rabindranath Tagore: Twenty-Two Poems, 1925
RAKTA-KARABI, 1925 - Red Oleanders
SADHANA, 1926 - suom.
NATIR PUJA, 1926 - transl.
Letters to a Friend, 1928
SESHER KAVITA, 1929 - Farewell, My Friend
MAHUA, 1929 - The Herald of Spring
JATRI, 1929
YAGAYOG, 1929
The Religion of Man, 1930
The Child, 1931
RASHIAR CHITHI, 1931 - Letters from Russia
PATRAPUT, 1932
PUNASCHA, 1932
Mahatmahi and the Depressed Humanity, 1932
The Golden Boat, 1932
Sheaves, Poems and Songs, 1932
DUI BON, 1933 - Two Sisters
CHANDALIKA, 1933 - transl.
MALANCHA, 1934 - The Garden
CHAR ADHYAYA, 1934 - Four Chapters
BITHIKA, 1935
SHESH SAPTAK, 1935
PATRAPUT, 1936
SYAMALI, 1936 - trans.
Collected Poems and Plays, 1936
KHAPCHARA, 1937
SEMJUTI, 1938
PRANTIK, 1938
PRAHASINI, 1939
PATHER SANCAY, 1939
AKASPRADIP, 1939
SYAMA, 1939
NABAJATAK, 1940
SHANAI, 1940
CHELEBELA, 1940 - My Boyhood Days
ROGSHAJYAY, 1940
AROGYA, 1941
JANMADINE, 1941
GALPASALPA, 1941
Last Poems, 1941
The Parrots Training, 1944
Rolland and Tagore, 1945
Three Plays, 1950
Crisis in Civilization, 1950
Sheaves, 1951
More Stories from Tagore, 1951
A Tagore's Testament, 1955
Our Universe, 1958
The Runaway and Other Stories, 1959
Wings of Death, 1960
GITABITAN, 1960
A Tagore Reader, 1961 (ed. by Amiya Chakravarty)
Towards Universal Man, 1961
On Art and Aesthetics, 1961
BICITRA, 1961
GALPAGUCCHA, 1960-62 (4 vols.)
Boundless Sky, 1964
The Housewarming, 1964
RABINDRA-RACANABALI, 1964-1966 (27 vols.)
Patraput, 1969
Imperfect Encounter, 1972
Later Poems, 1974
The Housewarming, 1977
Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Poems, 1985
Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Short Stories, 1991 (trans. by William Radice)

参考资料：http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rtagore.htm

Answer 4

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