what[hwɑt, wɑt, hwʌt, wʌt, hwət, wət; wɒt, hwɒt]代名词A (疑问代名词)1 甚么,甚么东西[事],何物[事](cf. which A)a.W~ is there [there on the table] ?.在那里 [在那张桌上] 有什么?W~ has become of him ?.他变成怎样了 ?W~ is the matter with you ?.你怎么了 ?(你发生什么事了吗 ?)W~ made you think (that) he was honest ?.什么事使你认为他是老实的 ?W~ ever [on earth, in the world, the [in] hell, the devil] has happened (to her) ? (.她) 到底发生了什么事?b.W~ is this ?.这是什么 ?W~'s your name [address, telephone number] ?.你的名字 [地址,电话] 是什么 ?W~'s the time ?.现在几点 ?c.W~ do you mean (by that) ?.你 (那样说) 是什么意思 ?W~ are you talking about ?.你在说什么 ?W~ the hell [devil, deuce, heck, blazes] do you want ?.你到底要什么 ?W~ do you suppose this is ?.你以为这是什么?W~ do you think of this poem ?.你认为这首诗怎样 ?W~ do you say to going for a walk ? =. (美)W~ do you say we go for a walk ?去散步如何 ?d. [用间接疑问子句或+ to do 的结构]Do you know ~ this is ?.你知道这是什么吗 ?Tell me ~ has happened.告诉我发生了什么事W~ follows is doubtful.以下 (要叙述的事) 并不很清楚I don't know ~ to do.我不知道怎么办e. [要求对方说明或重复前面所说的话时]You told him ~ ? (.你说) 你跟他说了什么 ?W~ (did you say) ? = W~ (is it) ? (.你说) 什么?2 a. 什么程度,多少 (钱) (how much)W~ is the price of this bag ?.这个皮包多少钱 ?W~ is the population of Edinburgh ?.爱丁堡的人口是多少 ?b. [问某人的职业等] (从事) 什么行业的人"W~ is he?"-"He is a teacher.".“他是做什么的?”“他是教师”c. 有多少价值 [意义] 的东西W~ is life without books ?.没有书籍的人生有什么意义 ?W~ is that to you ?.问那事做什么 ?3 何等的多量 [高额] ,多么W ~ it must cost !.它多么贵 !W~ would I not give to be free !.为了自由我不惜付出任何代价B (关系代名词)1 a. (…的) 东西[事情]W~ I say is true.我所说的是真的She pointed to ~ looked like a bird.她指著看似一只鸟的东西He always does ~ he believes is right.他总是做他认为对的事b. 正是那个人[东西], (有…的) 那个人He is not ~ he was.他现在不是以前的他了You have made me ~ I am today.你造就了今天的我c. 任何<…的>事[物] (whatever)You may do ~ you will.你可以做任何你想做的事→ COME what may[will].d. [用 A is to B what C is to D 的句型] A 对 B的关系犹如 C 对 D 的关系Air is to us ~ water is to fish.空气对我们 (人) 的关系犹如水对鱼的关系W~ lungs are to the human, leaves are to the plant.叶之于植物犹如肺之于人2 [引导独立或插入的子句] 再者…,更有甚者,此外,而且W~ is more, he was awarded the grand prix.再者 [此外] ,他被授与大奖He said it, and ~ is more surprising,he did it.他那样说了,而且更令人吃惊的是,他还那样做了and what not =(口语)and I don't knowwhat (else [all] ) =(口语)and what have you及其他 (种种) ,…等等He sells books, toys, and ~ have you.他卖书、玩具及其他种种东西 [等等]have [have got] what it takes(口语)具有 (达成某目的) 所需的条件 [天资]He's really got ~ it takes to achieve stardom.他确实具有成为明星的条件I know what我有好主意(I'll) tell you what. = I know WHATknow what's what(1) 有常识,精明(2) 知道实情 [秘诀]not but what?→ but conjor what not =(口语)or what have you及其他 (种种) ,…等等So what ?(口语)(1) 那又怎样 ?(表示不在乎、轻视、不悦)"You failed the test."-"So ~ ?".“你没考取”“那又怎样 ?”(2) 那有什么关系 ?What about??(1) …会怎样?… (变成) 怎样了W~ about me ?.我 (的情形) 会怎样 ?W~ about the missing letter ?.那封遗失的信变成怎样了 ?(2) [征求对方的意见] (做…) 如何 ? 怎样W~ about bed ?.睡觉怎样 ?W~ about coming with us ?.跟我们一起来怎样 ?what d'you call it(口语)= WHAT's itwhat for(1) 为 (的是) 什么?为何种目的 ?(cf. WHAT? for)W~ for ?.为什么 ?(2)(口语)殴打; 处罚,严厉的责骂 (what?for)If you don't shut up, I'll give you ~ for !.如果你不闭嘴我就惩罚你 !what for(1) 为什么 (目的) ,为何 (why)W~ did you go there for ?.你为什么去那里 ?(2)<东西>什么目的 [用处] 的W~'s this gadget for ?.
非限制性定语从句 (1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。① which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。② which指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。④ which指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。 如：As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）Boy as he was， he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。（as在从句中作表语）as we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 （as在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们对汤姆表示了感谢，因为没有他的支持他们就不会成功。These new neighbors，to whom I was introduced yesterday，have come here from Beijing. 这些邻居是北京来的，昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十万公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。
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