before after 用遵循主将从现吗?它引导什么从句

并说说它们的用法 举例(要翻译)

谢谢

before 可以和过去完成时连接。
下面是具体的内容。你可以从中找到答案。

一。 过去完成时主要有以下几点用法:
1. 表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常用by, before, when, until等词引导的时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点,所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。例如:
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当他到达晚会时,他发现大多数客人已经离开了。

2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去,常与for, since等词连用。例如:
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到时,他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。

3. 用于并列句:一个并列句用的是过去式,如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作,这时需用过去完成时。例如:
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家,他的父亲却已经去世了。

4. 某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等。例如:
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten. 他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。

5. 在before, after, as soon as等引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后,所以可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。例如:

二。 一般过去时和过去完成时用法有哪些不同?
1. 在主从复合句中的用法不同
(1) 用在宾语从句中
在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中,既可用一般过去时,也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较下列两组句子:
She said she was a doctor. 她说她是位医生。(说话时仍为医生)
She said she had been a doctor.她说她曾当过医生。(说话时已不是)
She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。(主要强调说话时已当过20年医生,此状态可能已经结束,也可能还没有)
但是,如果从句中有表示具体时间的状语,则常用一般过去时。例如:
He said he was born in 1986. 他说他是 1986年出生的。

(2) 用在含有after的主从复合句中
在含有after的主从复合句中,一般在从句中使用过去完成时,主句中使用一般过去时。例如:
After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系,因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

(3) 用在含有before的主从复合句中
用在含有before的主从复合句中,一般在从句中使用一般过去时,主句中使用过去完成时。例如:
Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有时,也可以在从句中用过去完成时,主句中用一般过去时,这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较:
We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前,我们就到了车站。
We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前,我们就已经到了车站。
像after一样, before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系,故多数主从句均使用一般过去时,而无需使用过去完成时。例如:
Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完,许多人就起身回家了。
(4) 用在含有when的主从复合句中
由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系,故先发生的动作应用过去完成时,后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句,也可能是从句。例如:
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 当他的钱全都用光时,彼得只好转而求助于一个朋友。
有时,主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确,两个动作紧接着发生,前一动作导致后一动作,这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如:
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后,我们就离开了大厅。

2. 叙述几个连续的动作用法不同
在叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and, but, so或then等连接并按时间发生的先后顺序叙述时,只需用一般过去时。例如:
She entered the room, turned on the light and found everything stolen.
I lost my pen but soon found it.
She lost her pen, so I lent her mine.
但是,如果两个先后发生的动作不是按时间的顺序排列或叙述时,为明确动作发生的先后顺序,先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。例如:
The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another good harvest. 农民们兴高采烈,因为他们又获得了一次好收成。

3. 表示与过去还是现在相反的情况不同
一些表示心理活动的动词,如think, know, expect, mean, hope, want, suppose等,用一般过去时可表示存在于过去而非现在的心理活动或事与愿违的情况。例如:
I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
而这些词的过去完成时则表示的是过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法或意图等。例如:
We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 我们原本希望你去看我们。

after [简明英汉词典]
adv.prep.conj.在...之后, 在...后面, 模仿, 与...一致, 以...命名, 后来的, 后面的

after 有介词的意思,这里介词后面应该跟动名词。
介词before 与 after 的用法

before”与“after”?

2008-01-16 18:16:28

用汉语表达时间的先后时,人们通常用“以前”和“以后”,词的变化不大,而且重复率非常高。受此影响,不少学生在英语里也千篇一律地用“before”和“after”来表达这两层意思。其实在英语词汇里可以表达这两层意思的词有很多个,其中有几个使用频率特别高,但它们在用法上有差异,极易混用。掌握这些词的用法,正确区分它们的差异,可以帮助我们写作时避免用词重复,结构单调,使文章生动。由于这些词属于高频词,把握好这些词,对准确理解和翻译也不无帮助。下面就对相关词进行归纳和比较。

一、表达“在……之前”的词

1. before prep. , adv. conj.

(a)To my knowledge it has never been done before.

据我所知,以前从未有人这样做过。

(b)My father died before I was born.

我父亲在我出生之前就去世了。

(c)Before being supplied to houses, the water must be treated to make it suitable for drinking.

水在供给各用户之前应加以处理使之适于饮用。

2. until prep. , conj.

(a)Until the twentieth century man used water, wood and fossil fuels as sources of power.

在20世纪以前,人们使用水、木柴和矿物燃料来作能源。

(b)Until penicillin was developed, man could do little with the disease.

在研制出青霉素之前,人类对这种病毒几乎无能为力。

(c)Color was a mystery until the time of Newton.

在牛顿时代以前,颜色是个神秘的东西。

〔注〕:before与until当连词用时,都表示主句的情景发生在从句情景之前,它们主要有两个区别:

第一,带有until从句的肯定式主句中的谓语动词必须是持续性的(如be, live, like, work等),而带before从句的主句中的谓语动词则不必是持续性的。比较:

(a)We always have to wait until the last passenger has left.

我们总是得等到最后一个乘客离去。

(b)I shouted before the boss arrived.

在老板到来之前,我大喊大叫。

第二,until引出的分句的内容是真实的,而before引出的分句的内容可能是真实的,也可能是非真实的。比较:

(a)Let's wait until the rain stops.

让我们等到雨停吧。

(b)I began to cry before he could speak.

他尚未开口,我就开始哭了。

(c)Pigs will fly before he'll become a mathematician.

他要是能当数学家,猪都会飞了(在他成为数学家之前猪都会飞了。意即根本不可能)。

3. Previous a. ,adv.

(a)With the help of his coach, he has recovered to the previous level.

在教练的帮助下,他已经恢复到以前的水平。

〔注〕:previous当副词用常与to连用

(b)You are expected to make full investigations previous to reaching a conclusion.

希望你们下结论之前先作先分调查。

(c)Previously, the local people used wood and coal to provide power and heating.

以前,当地人用木柴和煤来提供动力和燃料。

4. prior (to) a. ,adv.

(a)It happened prior to the warning of the government.

这发生在政府发出警告以前。

(b)The contract will be signed prior to the ceremony.

合同将在仪式之前签署。

(c)It is believed that the skill was developed prior to Ming Dynasty.

人们相信这项技术在明朝以前就已经发明了。

〔注〕:prior to和before虽然可以通用,但有人认为prior to最好避免用在句首。

二、表达“在……之后”的词

1. after prep. , adv. conj.

(a)After testing, the engine was put into immediate service.

经过试验以后,发动机立即交付使用。

(b)It happened twenty years after.

这事发生在20年之后。

(c)After one cycle is completed, another cycle begins.

一个循环完成后,另一个循环又开始。

2.in prep.

(a)In about five years, what I have said today will become true.

大约5年以后,我今天所说的就会变成现实。

(b)In the four years that followed, I studied in the Department of Accounting.

在以后的4年中,我在会计系学习。

(C)It's two o’ clock. I'll come in an hour.

现在是两点,我一小时后到。

〔注〕:在表示以现在为起点的“在……之后”这个含义时,介词in之后应接时间段(a period of time),介词after之后则应该接时间点(a point of time)。比较:

(a)I've ordered a taxi. It will arrive here in 10 minutes.

我已经叫了出租车,10分钟以后就会到。

(b)He will graduate in four years.

他4年以后毕业。

(c)He will be back after three o'clock.

他3点以后到。

但是,当以某个过去的时间为起点时,after之后既可以接时间点,也可以接时间段。比如:

(a)Just after six the meeting was over.

刚过6点,会议就结束了。

(b)After half month of war Japan was badly defeated.

经过半个月的战争,日本被打得惨败。

(c)After seven days of this I went to a party.

这样过了7天以后,我去参加一个聚会。

3. later

(a)Fuller report will be published at a later date.

更详细的报告会在以后出版。

(b)I don't know what would happen later on.

至于以后怎么样,我就不知道了。

(c)He handed in his resignation, and later (on)regretted his hasty action.

他交了辞职书以后,又为自己的草率感到后悔。

〔注〕:later还可译为“过一会儿”,“过了一会儿”,“后来”等。

4.afterward(s) adv.

(a)She had her supper and went bed soon afterwards.

她吃过晚饭之后不久就去睡觉了。

(b)I didn't see him afterwards.

以后我再也没有见到他了。

(c)I was a bit rude to her at the meeting, and afterwards I apologized.

在会上我对她是有点粗暴,但是(散会)以后我向她道了歉。
自己找吧

参考资料:kluske

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