什么是分词.起什么作用?

如题所述

分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。

分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries

4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。

5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人
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第1个回答  2013-12-02
分词是一种动词的非谓语形式。

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
第2个回答  2013-12-02
一、现在分词
现在分词由动词加ing构成。
非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。
一、现在分词的两个基本特点。
1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如: a developing country. 一个发展中的国家, boiling water 沸水, rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。(试比较: a developed country 一个发达国家, boiled water 白开水, risen sun 升起的太阳)
2. 在语态上表示主动。例如: the ruling class 统治阶级, the exploiting class 剥削阶级。(试比较: the ruled class 被统治阶级, the exploited class 被剥削阶级)
二、掌握现在分词的基本功能。
1. 现在分词作定语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征,此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如:
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 现在分词作状语时,可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。例如:
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 现在分词作补足语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。例如:
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。例如:
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈!”他突然哭着喊,泪水从他的脸上流下来。(这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。)
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话,我们就去长城。(这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 Weather permitting 作状语。)

区别:
动名词和现在分词都是由v+ing构成,在句中都能作表语和定语,而且都保留着动词的一些特征,有其完成式和被动态。那么v+ing形式到底是现在分词还是动名词呢?下面有五种区别方法:

(1)如果v+ing形式与被修饰名词逻辑上是主谓关系,就是现在分词,它相当于定语从句;如果逻辑上没有主谓关系,则是动名词,它可以用介词for加上这个动名词来代替,该介词短语应放在被修饰名词之后。例如:
1)a moving blackboard正在移动的黑板(moving:现在分词,a moving blackboard=a blackboard which is moving)
2)a walking tractor手扶拖拉机(walking:现在分词,awalking tractor=a tractor which is walking)

(2)如果v+ing形式是说明主语怎么样,表示的是主语的形状、特征的是现在分词,现在分词起着形容词和副词的作用,在句中作宾补和状语,一般用how提问,后不带宾语,但可用very,so,quite等词修饰,也可用more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。如果v+ing形式是说明主语是什么,即主语的具体内容,强调主语的行为、功能和用途的则为动名词。动名词起着名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语,一般用what提问,也可用状语来修饰,但不能用程度副词very,much等修饰。例如:
1)The news is very exciting.(exciting:现在分词)
2)Laying eggs is her full-time job.(laying:动名词)

(3)动名词作表语,和主语间可以划等号,甚至可以交换位置。如上述例句2)可改写成:Her full-time job is layingeggs.而现在分词充当表语,不能同主语划等号,因此不能同主语换位置。例句1)不能改写成:Exciting is the news.

(4)v+ing前有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格或指示代词的是动名词;用来构成复合形容词的v+ing形式和独立主格结构中所用的v+ing形式的是现在分词。例如:
1)His coming was unexpected.(coming:动名词)
2)The Chinese are brave and hard-working.(working:现在分词)

(5)朗读时,如果v+ing形式与它修饰的名词均有句子重音的为现在分词;如果v+ing有句子重音,被它修饰的名词没有句子重音的则为动名词。
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