简单的概括John Snow Defeats "King Cholera"的大意
John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained
how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38and40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.
Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.
In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.
To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally "King Cholera"was defeated.
用英文叙述! ! ! ! ! ! 谢谢! ! ! ! ! !
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生，他是一位非常专业的医生，他以维多利亚女王的私人医生的身份来到这里。但当他想到要帮助那些接触霍乱的普通人时，他受到了鼓舞。这是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的原因，也不知道它的治疗方法。每次爆发都有成千上万的人死亡。约翰·斯诺想要面对挑战并解决这个问题。他知道，霍乱在找到病因之前是无法控制的。
他开始对两种可能解释的理论感兴趣
霍乱如何导致死亡。第一个理论认为霍乱在空气中繁殖。一团危险的气体漂浮在周围，直到找到受害者。第二种观点认为，人们在吃饭时把这种疾病吸收进身体。这种疾病从胃里很快就袭击了身体，很快受感染的人就死了。
约翰·斯诺怀疑第二种理论是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，当1854年伦敦再次爆发疫情时，他准备开始调查。随着疾病在贫困地区迅速传播，他开始收集信息。在两条特定的街道上，霍乱的爆发非常严重，在十天内超过500人死亡。他决心找出原因。
首先，他在地图上标出了所有死人居住的确切地点。这给了他一条关于这种疾病起因的有价值的线索。许多死亡发生在布罗德街(Broad Street)的水泵附近(尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号)。他还注意到一些房屋(如宽街20号和21号，坎布里奇街8号和9号)没有死亡。他没有预见到这一点，所以他做了进一步的调查。他发现这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费的啤酒，所以没有喝水泵里的水。看来是水的问题。
接下来，约翰·斯诺查看了这两条街道的水源。他发现它来自被伦敦的脏水污染的那条河。他立即告诉宽街上那些吃惊的人，把水泵的把手从水泵上取下来，这样水泵就不能用了。没过多久，病情就减缓了。他证明了霍乱是由细菌传播的，而不是在一团气体中传播的。
在伦敦的另一个地方，他发现了另外两起死亡事件的证据，这两起死亡事件与布洛德街(Broad Street)的爆发有关。一个女人从宽阔的大街搬来，她非常喜欢水泵里的水，每天都把水送到家里。她和女儿都是在喝了水之后死于霍乱。有了这些额外的证据，约翰·斯诺就可以肯定地宣布，被污染的水携带了这种病毒。
为了防止这种情况再次发生，约翰·斯诺建议检查所有水源。自来水公司接到指示，不再让人们接触受污染的水。最终，“霍乱王”被击败。
扩展资料：
斯诺1813年3月15日生于英国约克，1858年6月16日卒于伦敦。1827年当外科医生的学徒。1836年起，在伦敦威斯敏斯特医院学习。1843年获伦敦大学学士学位，次年获博士学位。 曾为维多利亚女王的私人医生。
1846年，乙醚作为一种麻醉剂引入时，他立刻进行实验并基于生理原理为这种药物的临床使用发明了相应的装置，临床演示成功后得到推广应用。他成为英国最早的麻醉师。1847年J.Y.辛普森建议应用氯仿作为麻醉药后，斯诺为其使用研制了新设备。
斯诺从1831年从事医学活动起就注意对霍乱的调查研究。1854年，伦敦霍乱流行。当时,许多医生相信霍乱和天花是由“瘴气”或从污水及其他不卫生的东西中产生的有害物所引起的。而斯诺通过调查证明霍乱由被粪便污染的水传播，他认为霍乱是由一种能繁殖的由水传播的活细胞所致。他提供了一份流行病学文件，证明了霍乱的流行来源于百老大街（Broad
Street）的水泵。他推荐几种实用的预防措施，如清洗肮脏的衣被，洗手和将水烧开饮用等，效果良好。