Lao Shê (1899-1966) - also Lao She - pseudonym of Shu Sheyou, original name Shu Qingchun
Chinese playwright and author of humorous, satiric novels and short stories. Lao She is perhaps best known for his story LO-T'O HSIANG-TZU (1936, Rickshaw), a twentieth-century classic. An unauthorized and bowdlerized English translation, Rickshaw Boy, with a happy ending, appeared in 1945 and became a U.S. bestseller.
"The person we want to introduce is Hsing Tzu, not Camel Hsiang Tzu, because "Camel is only a nickname. We'll just say Hsiang Tzu for now, having indicated that there is a connection between Camel and Hsiang Tzu." (from Rickshaw)
Shu Quingchun (Lao She) was born Shu She-yü of Manchu descent in Beijing. His father, who was a guard soldier, died in a street battle during the 1900 Boxer uprising. To support her family and Lao Shê's private tutoring, his mother did laundry. "During my childhood," Lao She has later said, "I didn't need to hear stories about evil ogres eating children and so forth; the foreign devils my mother told me about were more barbaric and cruel than any fairy tale ogre with a huge mouth and great fangs. And fairy tales are only fairy tales, whereas my mother's stories were 100 percent factual, and they directly affected our whole family." (Lao Shê in Modern Chinese Writers, ed. by Helmut Martin and Jeffrey Kinkley, 1992)
Fatherless since early childhood, Lao She worked his way through Peking Teacher's College. After graduation he supported himself and his mother through a series of teaching and administrative posts. He served as a principal of an elementary school at the age of 17, and later he was a district supervisor. Lao She spent the years from 1924 to 1929 in London, where he taught Chinese at the School of Oriental and African Studies. By reading amongst other things the novels of Charles Dickens, Lao She improved his English, and decided to start his first novel.
In 1930 Lao She returned to China and continued to write and teach Chinese at Qilu and Shadong Universities. MAO CH'ENG CHI (1933, Cat Country) was a bitter satire about Chinese society. In NIU T'IEN-TZ'U CHUAN (1934, Heavensent), partly modelled on Fielding's Tom Jones, Lao She turned again to humor. He reversed his early individualist theme and stressed the futility of the individual's struggle against society as a whole. In Rickshaw Boy Lao She traces the degradation and ruin of an industrious Peking rickshaw puller, a peasant drawn to the city. To earn his living, he pulls a rented rickshaw from dawn till dark, enjoys briefly the status of owner-operator, and finally dies on a snowy night. Evan King's translation published in 1945 invented new characters and changed the ending.
The outbreak of the second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) radically altered Lao She's views. Between the years 1937 and 1945 he wrote a number of plays, worked as a propagandist, and headed the All-China Anti-Japanese Writers Federation. After World War II Lao She published a gigantic novel in three parts, SSU-SHIH T'UNG-T'ANG (abridged translation The Yellow Storm). It dealt with life in Peking during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. Between the years 1946 and 1949 Lao She lived in the United States on a cultural grant at the invitation of the Department of State. When the People's Republic was established in 1949, Lao She returned to China.
Among Lao Shê's most famous stories is 'Crescent Moon', written in the early stage of his creative life. It depicts the miserable life of a mother and daughter and their deterioration into prostitution. "I used to picture an ideal life, and it would be like a dream," the daughter thinks. "But then, as cruel reality again closed in on me, the dream would quickly pass, and I would feel worse than ever. This world is no dream - it's a living hell. " (from 'Crescent Moon')
Lao She was a member of the Cultural and Educational Committee in the Government Administration Council, a deputy to the National People's Congress, a member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, vice-chairman of the All-China Federation of Literature and Art and vice-chairman of the Union of Chinese Writers as well as chairman of the Beijing Federation of Literature and Art. He was named a 'People's Artist' and a 'Great Master of Language'. His plays, such as LUNG HSÜ-KOU (1951, Dragon Beard Ditch), became ideologically didactic, and did not reach the level of his former work. SHEN JUAN written in 1960, on the sixtieth anniversary of the Boxer uprising, was a four-act play about the Boxers. Lao She emphasized the anti-imperialistic zeal of the Boxers and the burning and killing carried out by the allied powers. During the Cultural Revolution, Lao She was publicly denounced and criticized, as a number of other writers and intellectuals. On October 24, 1966, Lao She was murdered or driven to suicide. His last novel, The Drum Singers (1952), was first published in English in the United States.
Since the fall of Chiang Ch'ing, guiding hand of the Cultural Revolution, in 1971, Lao She's works have been republished. In 1979, he was posthumously "rehabilitated" by the Communist Party. Several of his stories have been made into films, including This Life of Mine (1950, dir. by Shi Hui), Dragon Beard Ditch (1952, dir. by Xian Qun), Rickshaw Boy (1982, dir. by Zifeng Ling), The Teahouse (1982, dir. by Xie Tian), The Crescent Moon (1986, dir. by Huo Zhuang), The Drum Singers (1987, dir. by Tian Zhuangzhuang ), and The Divorce. Tian Zhuangzhuang's film version of The Drum Singers (1987) was mostly shot on location in Sichuan.
Lao She's most frequently performed plays is CHAGUAN (Teahouse), which was written in 1957. The events are set in the Beijing teahouse of Wang Lifa during three different periods: 1898 under the empire, the 1910s under the warlords and around 1945 after WW II. "In the teahouses one could hear the most absurd stories," Lao She writes of the scene set in 1898, "such as how a in a certain place a huge spider had turned into a demon and was then struck by lightning. One could also come in contact with the strangest of views; for example, that foreign troops could be prevented from landing by building a Great Wall along the sea coast." Lao She follows the lives of Wang and his customers. Ambivalently Wang and his friends demonstate the failure of their lives towards the end by a mock funeral, welcoming the new society. The teahouse is requisitioned as a club and Wang is offered a job as doorman - however, he has already hanged himself. - The Beijing People's Art Theatre performed the play in 1980 in West Germany and France during the three-hundredth anniversary of the Comédie-Française.
For further reading: Lao She, China's Master Storyteller by Britt Towery, et al (1999); Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, vol. 3, ed. by Steven R. Serafin (1999); Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995); Fictional Realism in Twentieth Century China: Mao Dun, Lao She, Shen Congwen by T. Wang (1992); McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, ed. by Stanley Hochman (1984); Two Writers and the Cultural Revolution: Lao She and Chen Jo-hsi, ed. by G.Kao (1980); Lao She and the Chinese Revolution by R. Vohra (1974); The Evolution of a Modern Chinese Writer: An Analysis of Lao She's Fiction, with Biographical and Bibliographical Appendices by Z. Slupski (1966)
Selected works:
CHAO TZU-YÜEH, 1927
LAO CHANG TI CHÊ-HSÜEH, 1928
ERH MA, 1929 - Ma and Son
HSIAO-P'O THE SHENG-JIH, 1931
MAO CH'ENG CHI, 1932 - Cat Country (trans. by William A. Lyell)
LI HUN, 1933 - The Quest for Love of Lao Lee
MAO-CH'ENG CHI, 1933
KAN-CHI, 1934
NIU T'IE-TZ'U CHUAN, 1934 - Heavensent (trans. by Xiong Deni)
YING-HAI-CHI,1935
LUOTUO XIANGZI / LO-TO HSIANG TZU, 1936 - Rickshaw Boy / Camel Xiangzi (1945, unauthorized and with a happy ending; Rickshaw: the novel Lo-to Hsiang Tzu, trans. by Jean M. James) - Riksapoika (suom., tekijänimellä Lau Shaw) - film 1982, dir. by Zifeng Ling, starring Fengyi Zhang, Gaowa Siqin
KO-TSAO-CHI, 1936
LO-T'O HSIANG-TZU, 1938
LAONIU P'O-CH'E, 1939
CHIEN-PEI 'PIEN, 1940
KUO-CHIA SHIH-SHANG, 1940 (with Sung Chih-ti)
HUO-CH'E-CHI, 1941
WEN PO-SHIH, 1941
KUEI-CH-Ü-LAI HSI, 1943
TS'AN-WU, 1943
MIEN-TZU WEN-T'I, 1943
CHUNG-LIEH T'U, 1943
WANG-CHIA CHEN, 1943
CHANG TZU-CHUNG, 1943
TA-TI LUNG-SHE, 1943
T'AU-LI CH'UN-FENG, 1943
SHEI NSIEN TAO-LE CH'UNG'ING, 1943
HUOTSANG, 1944
Ricshaw Boy, 1945 (unauthorized translation with happy ending)
TUNG-HAI PA-SHAN-CHI, 1946
SSU-SHIH T'UNG-T'ANG, 1946-51 - The Yellow Storm (trilogy); first part HUANG-HUO (1946), second part T'OU-SHENG (1946), third part CHI-HUANG (1950-51)
WEI-SHEN-CHI, 1947
FANG CHEN-CHU, 1950
LUNG-HSÜ-KOU, 1953 - Dragon Beard Ditch - film 1952, dir. by Xian Qun, starring Yu Shizhi, Yu Lan, Zhang Fa
PIEN MI-HSIN, 1951
The Drum Singers, 1952 - film: Folk Artists, a.k.a. The Street Players (Gushu Yiren), 1987, dir. by Tian Zhuangzhuang
CH-UN-HUA CH'IU-SHIH, 1953
HO KUNG-JEN T'UNG-CHIH-MEN T'AN HSIEH-TSO, 1954
WU-MING KAO-TI YU-LE MING, 1954
SHIH-WU KUAN, 1956
HSI-WANG CH'ANG-AN, 1956
CHAGUAN, 1957 - Teahouse (trans. by John Howard-Gibbon) - film 1982, dir. by Xie Tian
FUHSING-CHI, 1958
HUNG TA-YÜ AN, 1958
CH'ÜAN-CHIA FU, 1959
NÜ-TIEN-YÜAN, 1959
PAO-CH'UAN, 1961
HO CHU P'EI, 1962
SHEN JUAN, 1963 (play, Divine Fists)
CH'U-K-'OU CH'ENG-CHANG, 1964
Two Writers and the Cultural Revolution: Lao She and Chen Jo-hsi, 1980
Crescent Moon and Other Stories, 1985
Mr. Ma & Son: A Sojourn in London, 1991
Blades of Grass: The Stories of Lao She, 1999 (trans. by William A. Lyell and Sarah Wei-ming Chen)
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