定语从句与同位语从句的区别

如题所述

一、 定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。
例如:
  1. We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。
  2. We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
  
例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news;例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明。

二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如:
  1. A plane is a machine that can fly.
  飞机是一种能飞的机器。
  2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。
  例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句;例2中的that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句。
  
三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。
例如:
  1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。
  2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。
  例1是定语从句,that可省略;例2是同位语从句,that不能省略。
  3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。
  4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意。
  例3中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被 for which或 that 代替;例4中 why引导的是同位语从句,why 不能省去,也不能被其它词代替。

四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。
例如:
  The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
  上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则是:
  The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。
  意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句。

五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式;而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,一般没有复数形式。
例如:
  1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。
  2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心,她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。
  例1中的possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式;例2中的possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语从句,一般不用复数形式。
  
六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。
例如:
  1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。
  2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来。
  3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住的房子。
  4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会,这个问题没有决定。
  例1、3中的when和 where引导的是定语从句,day 和house分别表示时间和地点;例2、4中的when和 where引导的是同位语从句。
  如果在定语从句与同位语从句的学习中能把握住上述几种区别,那么在阅读文章时,就会迎刃而解,收到更好的效果。
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第1个回答  2012-08-18
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是 idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order 等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性?(同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题?(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了?(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴?如:

The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?)
最后我们在一起来做三道练习题:
1. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.(2004上海春季高考)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
2. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春季高考)
A. as B. which
C. what D. that
3. Luckily,we'd brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way. (2004北京春季高考)
A. it B. that
C. this D. which
答案:1. B 2. B 3. D
第2个回答  2012-07-18
我总结了一套法案,自己打的。。。最起码不复制把。

1. 从句中不缺成分的就是同位语,缺成分的就是定语从句。

Eg: He made a promise that he would be good.(同位语)
【that 后从句 he would be good 是一个完整的句子,从句是从句,主语是主语,是并列的。那就是同位语】
This is the thing that you told me.(定语从句)
【that后的从句,必须是told sb sth双宾语.所以缺少成分sth了,就是定语从句】
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2、同位语从句中that不能省略,定语从句that可以省略。

Eg:拿一个改错的例子来看。。
【This is the work he did it .】
按照定语从句改法,that后的从句应该在主句中做成分的,所以that后应该跟随不完整的句子。所以it重复了,删去it便OK~,这个高考短文改错常考。
那你说,那按照同位语的角度来看,从句是完整的句子,那也对啊。。其实不是的,同位语that不能省略地。。所以可以是 This is the work that he did it .这种改法

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3、 还有就是。。
当主句含有 news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等名词一半是同位语,而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。唉,这个就比较抽象了,以后自己在学习过程中慢慢总结把。。

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4、 whether, what 可引导同位语从句,但通常不可引导定语从句。
Eg: The problem whether it is right or wrong has not been decided yet. 是对还是错,这个问题还未得到解决。(同位语)

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多做点题。这一块的知识点你可以这样运用。当你做题的时候,不要先去看ABCD选项神马的关系词。 而是先判断是同位语还是定语从句。。。这样比较好做题~~
第3个回答  2012-07-03
同位语从句解释/说明某个名词的具体内容,而定语从句修饰某个名词或句子,做定语。
第4个回答  2012-07-03
定语从句中的引导词在该句中做成分而同位语从句中的引导词不做成分,且该句只起解释作用