第1个回答 2009-02-21
浅议改革开放三十年
引言：
自从建国以来，没有什么能像改革开放那样如此彻底地改变着中国。如果说建立中华人民共和国意味着中国人民站起来了，那么改革开放则真正表明中国人民沿着社会主义的光明大道走起来，跑起来了。虽然改革开放也带来了一些问题，但它仍然注定是中国历史上浓重的一笔。
总结历史是为了更好地走向未来，同样对改革开放的总结也是为了更好地进一步改革开放，更好地发展中国。以下我将以政治经济和文化社会两大方面讨论改革开放，并分析改革开放的精髓，以及展望未来的改革开放。
一、改革开放的经济奇迹
一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。设立经济特区、确立家庭联产承包责任制 、建立社会主义市场经济体制 、明确私有经济是社会主义经济的重要组成部分等等都是改革开放的重要举措。改革开放是党带领人民进行的伟大革命，目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族。事实雄辩地证明，改革开放是决定中国命运的关键抉择，是发展中国特色社会主义、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路；只有社会主义才能救中国，只有改革开放才能发展中国[1]。
以邓小平为首的党的国家领导人改革了经济发展的传统体制桎梏，极大地调动了亿万人民的积极性，使我国成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。科教兴国、依法治国战略的实施都为经济注入了新的活力。
1978年中国的人均国内生产总值（GDP）只有379元人民币，2006年2月达到2000美元，增加了约40倍[2]。毫无疑问，改革开放对中国今年经济的影响最明显、最彻底，我们的体会也最深。改革开放就如催化剂一样，推动着中国经济爆炸式地增长。我国经济从一度濒于崩溃的边缘发展到总量跃至世界第四、进出口总额位居世界第三，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，农村贫困人口从两亿五千多万减少到两千多万，政治建设、文化建设、社会建设取得举世瞩目的成就。邓小平以其过人的胆识打开国门，以优惠的政策把外资吸引进来，伴随而来的还有先进的科技、现代化的管理。加上中国廉价的劳动力和原材料使我国的产品价格低廉，如潮水般地涌向世界，并以资源的高耗和环境的破坏为代价迅速完成了西方国家上百年才完成的原始资本的积累。改革的胆子很大，但步子很稳，整个改革在党的领导下有秩序地进行，再加上以党政分开和权力分散为主的政治体制改革也为经济的发展扫清了障碍。已加入世贸组织为起点，我国大踏步进入全球化进程，对外贸易总额五年成三倍之速递增，顺差更是爆炸式增长，不断创造着经济奇迹。经济的发展又反过来推动着政治体制的改革，民主的狂风一阵接一阵，建设服务型政府的呼声越来越高，这又进一步推动经济的稳定、健康发展。
二、经济奇迹背后产生的问题
但伴随着经济的增长，也产生了一系列问题：资源能源因过度开采而日渐枯竭，环境恶化程度惊人。我们过度陶醉于“为人打工”，以“世界工厂”自豪，但缺乏自主知识产权使我们创造的大部分财富流向国外，八亿件衬衫换一架波音飞机就是最好的例子。这些问题都已经成了制约中国进一步高水平发展的瓶颈，下一步深化的改革开放一定要解决这些问题，加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级，实现经济效益和生态效益的结合，加大自主研发力度，拥有自己的知识产权。
三、改革开放带来的社会效益
一个社会发展的根本动力来自生产力的发展，的确如此，我国改革开放带来的经济奇迹就为社会的发展提供了物质保障。改革开放以来，我国的教育事业突飞猛进，现已成为世界第一教育大国，为经济建设输送了大批优秀人才。我国的各种社会保障也逐渐完善，各种福利制度逐步实施。经济的发展给我们带来了更多的收入，穿上了体面而漂亮的衣服，住上了宽敞舒适的房子，用上了各种家电，吃着更丰富而美味的食品，喝着多滋多味的饮料，享受着高科技的医疗服务，玩着各种有趣的电子游戏，做着各种精彩的体育运动，交通工具多样化、便捷化，通讯工具普遍化……这些都颠覆着旧的传统观念，冲击着旧的社会结构，推动着新的充满活力的社会结构的形成。
四、改革开放对中国文化的影响及启发
随着我国对外开放的深入和全面展开，西方的文化观念逐渐深入我国，既有民主、公平、自由等普世价值观，又有一些文化垃圾——物质崇拜主义、享乐主义、性自由等，以普世价值观为代表的优秀文化给我国的社会发展做了有益的补充，但那些文化糟粕也毒害着我们的社会风气。还有一部分人认为我国过去落后的原因在于传统文化，过激地对我国的传统文化全部否定，这是十分危险的，我们传统文化中的精华是我们中华民族的精神之根。世界是多元的，注定文化也应该是多元的，我们不应过度崇拜国外的文化观念，我们要有适合自己的独特的文化价值观。还好最近社会上对传统文化已越来越重视。对于民主、自由等价值观，我们应该学习它的实质，而不应学习它在国外的表现形式，应该结合自己的经济发展和文化传统，给它赋予自己的元素，构建适合我们自己的文化价值观。
五、改革开放的精髓
改革开放的精髓在于：解放思想、实事求是，开辟了中国特色社会主义道路。邓小平同志以其伟大的智慧对社会主义的本质给出了精当的阐述，他指出：“社会主义的本质，是解放生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。”[3]贫穷不是社会主义，我们不能刻意追求公平而导致普遍的贫穷，只有让一部分人先富起来，先富带动后富，最终达到共同富裕，才能实现真正的社会主义。邓小平过人的胆识为中国的发展扫清了思想上的障碍。在坚持四项基本原则的前提下，只要是有利于经济发展的、有利于提高人民生活水平的、有利于提高综合国力的，我们都可以大胆地利用
六、展望未来的改革开放
改革开放的本质要求是思想解放。我们过去坚持思想解放，现在坚持思想解放，将来还要坚持思想解放，永远都要坚持思想解放。我们根据新时期的社会问题，要进行新时期的思想解放，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们继续深化改革开放。对外加强开放广度和深度，提高开放型经济水平。把“引进来”和“走出去”更好结合起来，扩大开放领域，优化开放结构，提高开放质量，完善内外联动、互利共赢、安全高效的开放型经济体系，形成经济全球化条件下参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势[4]。对内加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护，增强发展协调性，努力使经济又好又快发展，实现可持续发展。改革攻坚面临深层次矛盾和问题，既要通过发展增加社会物质财富、不断改善人民生活，又要通过发展保障社会公平正义、不断促进社会和谐[5]。以经济建设为中心，但不是唯经济发展为中心，高的GDP并不是我们的目标。我们应以胡锦涛为党中央提出的建设和谐社会为目标，坚持以人为本，科学发展，努力使经济更加发展、文化更加繁荣、政治更加民主、社会更加和谐，人民生活更加殷实。
参考文献：
[1] 中国共产党第十期全国代表大会文稿 [2]百度网 [3]邓小平文选 [4]中国共产党第十期全国代表大会文稿 [5]中国共产党第十期全国代表大会文稿
英文翻译
The shallow argument reform open for 30 years
Preface:
Ever since that time found a nation, have no an ability to be like reform to open so such to the last man change China.If establishment the People's Republic of China mean China people stand up, so reform open real enunciation China people along the bright and big way of socialism walk and ran.Although the reform openned to also bring some problem,it still destine is thick heavy pen in history in China.
Summary history is for the sake of betterly alignment future, same to reform open of summary is also for the sake of betterly further reform open, betterly development China.The following I will with political economy and culture society two generous noodles discussion reform open, and analysis reform open of essence, and outlook future of reform open.
A, the reform open of economic miracle
1978, our party convene to have graveness 11 of the history meaning three medium whole meeting, openned reform to open history new period.Establish economy special area, establishment family allied produce to contract for responsibility system, establishment socialism market economy system, explicit privately owned economy is a socialism economy of importance constitute all of parts of etc.s is a reform open of importance raise Cuo.Reform open is a party to lead people to carry on of great revolution, the purpose is to want liberation and development society productivity, realization nation modernization, let China the people be wealthy and develop great of Chinese nation.Fact eloquence of speech ground certificate, reform open is a decision China the key of the destiny choice, is a development China special features socialism, realization Chinese nation great renew of necessarily from it road;Only the socialism then can save China, only reform open then can development China[1].
With the Beijing leadership of the party of Deng Xiaoping's the leader reform economy development of tradition system fetter, biggest transfer hundred million people of aggressive, make our country successful realization from height concentration of planned economy system arrive vibrant socialism market economy system, from close half close arrive all-directions open of great history turn.The section teach to make a country strong and cure a country strategy by law of implement all is economy infusion new of vitality.
1978 China of person all GDP(GDP) only have 379 dollars renminbi, 2006 February attain USD 2000, increment about 4000%[2].Beyond all doubt, the reform open to China this year economy of influence most obvious, most thoroughly, our realize also most deep.The reform open such as catalyst similar, push China economy explosion type ground growth.Our country economy from once verge on collapse of edge development go to the total amount jump to the world four, import and export total amount reside world three, people life from Wen Bao3 shortage development arrive total middle-class family, village poor population from 200,005,000 many ten thousand decrease to 2,000 many ten thousand, political construction, culture construction, society construction obtain world-wide focus attention of achievement.Deng Xiaoping lead the person's courage and judgment to open an entrance to a country with it, with the policy of special discount foreign capital attraction come in, chaperonage since then still have forerunner of science and technology, modernization of management.Plus China cheap labor force with original the material make our country of the price of article be cheap, flow out toward the world as the tidewater ground, and provide for Gao Hao4 of source and environment of break is price quick completion west nation last a hundred years just completion of originality capital of backlog.Reform of courage very big, but step the son be firm, whole reform have order ground to carry on under the leadership of the party, again plus with political separate with power dispersion is lord of political setup reform also is economy of development clean sweep obstacle.Have already joined the world trade organization as point of departure, our country big mark time into globalization progress, foreign trade total amount five year become triple it soon pass to increase, surplus is also explosion type growth, continuously creator economic miracle.Economy of development again turn over push political setup of reform, democracy of the strong breeze be a burst of to connect a burst of, construction service type government of noise of shouting more and more Gao, this again further push economy of stability, health development.
Two, the problem of creation of the economic miracle back
But chaperonage economy of growth, also creation a series problem:Resources energy because of excessiveness mine but gradual dried up, environment depravation the degree be astonishing.We excessiveness infatuate with at"behavior part-time job", with"world factory" proud of, but lack independence the intelligent property right make we creation of the big and parts of wealth fly to abroad, 800,000,000 shirt change a Boeing airplane be best of example.These problems all have already become a check and supervision China further Gao level development of bottleneck, next move deep turn of reform open must work°out these problems, speed change economy development way, push the industrial structure be excellent to turn to get stripe, realization economy combine of performance and ecosystem performance, enlargement independence development strength, own oneself of intelligent property right.
Three, the reform open the society for bring a performance
A society development of root the motive development, quite so from productivity, our country reform open to bring of economic miracle for society of development provided material guarantee.The reform open, our country of education the business advance by leaps and bounds, now have become world an education big country, for economy construction transported large quantity elitist.Various society of the our country guarantee also gradual perfect, various welfare system gradually implement.Economy of development brought us more income, put on honourable but beautiful clothes, live top spacious comfort of house, use top various appliance, eat more abundant but delicacy of food, drink many Zi many the beverage of flavor, enjoy high technology of medical treatment service, play various interesting video game, do various fascinating of athletics sport, pileup diversification, convenience turn, means of communication popularization ……these all Dian Fu wear old of tradition idea, pound at old of society structure, push new of vibrant society structure of formation.
Four, the reform open to China culture of influence and inspire
Along with our country outward open of thorough with overall launch, west of cultural idea gradual thorough our country, current democracy, fair, freedom etc. Pu a life time value, again have some cultural garbage-material adoration doctrine, hedonism, sex freedom etc., with Pu a life time value for representative of excellent culture give our country of society development do beneficial of complement, but those cultural bad Po also poison harm our social valueses.Return have a part the person think an our country past fall behind of the reason lie in tradition culture, radically to our country of tradition the culture be all negation, this is very dangerous, we tradition essence within culture is the root of the spirit of our Chinese nation.The world is diverse, destine the culture should be also diverse, we shouldn't excessiveness adoration abroad of cultural idea, we have to have in keeping with oneself of special cultural value.O.K. recent society to tradition culture already more and more value.For the democracy, freedom etc. value, we should study of substantial, but shouldn't study it is abroad of manifestation, should combine oneself of economy development and culture tradition, give to it oneself of chemical element, set up in keeping with our own cultural value.
Five, the reform open of essence
The reform open of the essence lie in:Liberation thought, practical and realistic, develop China special features socialism road.The Deng Xiaoping comrade give with its essence of great intelligence to socialism the Jing be of elaborate, he point out:"The essence of the socialism is a liberation productivity, development productivity, exterminate to exploit, cancellation two pole divide, end attain common wealthy."[3]'s being poor isn't a socialism, we can't pursue intentionally fair but cause widespread of poor, only let a part person first rich, first rich arouse behind rich, end attain common wealthy, then can realization real socialism.Deng Xiaoping lead the person's courage and judgment is China of development clean sweep thought up of obstacle.Under the premise that persistence four basic principle, as long as be advantageous to economy development and be advantageous to exaltation people life level of, be advantageous to exaltation comprehensive national strength of, we all can brave make use of
Six, the outlook be future of the reform open
Reform open of essence request is a thought liberation.We past persistence thought liberation, now persistence thought liberation, future still want persistence thought liberation, all want persistence thought liberation forever.We according to new period of society problem, carry on new period of thought liberation, thorough carry through implementation science development view, request we continue deep turn reform to open.Outward strengthen to open wide degree and depth, the exaltation open a type economy level."Usher in" with"walk out" better knot put together, extension open realm, excellent turn to open structure, exaltation open quality, perfect inside outside allied move, with each other benefit total win, safety efficiently open an economic system, formation economy under the globalization condition participate international economy cooperation and competition new advantage[4].Rightness inside strengthen an energy resources economy and ecosystem environmental protection, strengthen development coordination, effort make economy and then good and then quick development, realization can keep on develop.Reform take it by storm to face a deep time antinomy and problem, since want to pass development increment society material wealth, continuously improvement people life, again want to pass development guarantee society fair justice, continuously promote society harmony[5].With economy construction for center, but isn't only economy the development is a center, Gao of the GDP isn't our targets.We should take Hu Jintao as a party central put forward of construction harmony the society is for the target, persistence make people the center, science development, effort make economy more development, culture more prosperity, politics more democracy, society more harmony, people life Be getting more substantial.
Reference:
[1] Communist Party of China ten period whole country representative conference draft[2]100 degrees net[3] Deng Xiaoping's selected works[4] Communist Party of China ten period whole country representative conference draft[5] Communist Party of China ten period whole country representative conference draft本回答被网友采纳