刘淡 阅读理解题中的标题判断题是高考英语试题中所占比重较大的一部分考试内容。在2009年全国高考英语卷中，阅读理解题中标题判断题有十几个。可见标题判断题在考试中非常关键，它将直接影响同学们的英语整体成绩。标题判断题属于主旨大意题，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。那么，怎样才能做好英语阅读理解中的标题判断题呢？一、反复阅读，学会判断 标题判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断、概括和推理题等。概括也即主旨大意题；而判断和推理常常相互依存，推理是为了做出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。标题判断题要求在阅读并理解表面文字的基础上做出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知信息，推断出作者所要表达的态度和观点。大家都知道，正确的阅读理解取决于对语篇整体的把握，此外，还要注意分析复杂长句，结合背景知识和语境知识，进行逻辑推理，把握各种文章结构，识别不同的文体风格，进一步学会判断理解作者的思路和观点。一篇文章的具体内容是通过段落来表达的，而段落是由一些与中心有关的句子组成的。一个段落通常包含一个表达中心思想的主题句和若干与中心思想有关或为其提供论据的支持性句子。抓住段落的主题句是阅读理解的关键，主题句多位于段落的开头，有的在段中，有的在段尾，还有的主题句隐藏在段落的字里行间，这就需要同学们自己总结和归纳。阅读理解的内容包罗万象、体裁多样，但总体上记叙文、说明文居多，记叙文包括人物传记和故事。传记类文章可以按时间顺序介绍人物生平，也可以把人物获得的成绩作为线索。故事类文章通常包括开端、发展、高潮和结局四部分，也可以按时间、地点、人物和事件进行分析。说明文包括引言、正文和结束语三部分。我们利用这些体裁知识理清文章结构。篇章结构模式揭示了不同体裁文章的本质属性和主要特点。了解篇章结构有助于我们准确把握篇章主题，抓住其要点，从整体上把握篇章的框架，从而为准确把握作者的意图做好铺垫。 二、熟悉题型，精确判断 标题判断题一般都有固定模式。最常见的标题判断题是： 1. What is the best title for the passage? 2. What would be the best title for the passage? 3. The best title for the passage is . 4. What is the best title for the text? 5. The text / passage could be entitled . 6. The best title / headline for this passage might be . … 了解了标题判断题所设问题后，我们必须对题后的四个选项进行精确判断。标题判断题的正确选项不是文章直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让我们有推敲的余地，另外，正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。为了能找出符合题意的一项，我们必须排除干扰项，那么，怎样排除干扰项呢？很简单，对下列之一的选项必须排除：夸大事实类——对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理；无中生有类——捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理；推理过头——引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。 另外，我们在做标题判断题时还要遵循三个原则，即注意题的醒目性、概括性和针对性。醒目性——我们所判断的标题如果放在文章的最前面，应该能使读者一看到标题就对其内容发生兴趣，即，吸引读者的眼球；概括性——指标题应最大限度地覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题；针对性——我们所选的标题不能偏题，必须指向具体文意，因此也应具备强烈的针对性。 1．在阅读文章时，要注意文章中反复出现或强调的信息，寻找与文章主题相关的信息，找出概括全文的核心词汇。如解答本题时，联系文章首句中的“special gift”和“Mother’s Day”，再结合文章中的“the gift of fitness”等信息，可知本文主要讲的是“在母亲节给母亲送健康礼物”，根据这个意思可以概括最佳标题。 2．确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题，也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的标题，防止本末倒置、主次不分，如例证中的B项Better Pay Attention to Your Mom’s Health；避免以点代面、以偏赅全，如例证中的C项Moms Like to Accept the Gift of Fitness和D项Help Your Mom Keep a Good Shape，这样才能排除干扰项，选出正确的答案。 [典例] Do you know that a mom deserves a special gift this year for Mother’s Day? Sure, flowers can always brighten Mother’s Day and a dinner out is always appreciated. However, doesn’t she deserve something more personal or something that lasts longer than an evening? I’m talking about the gift of fitness. Improved fitness is a gift that is invaluable to everyone. When you give a woman the gift of fitness, you are helping her open a door to better health. I can’t think of a more thoughtful gift that shows the recipient(接受者) how much you care about their well-being. By giving the gift of fitness you are providing them with unlimited health benefits. And, it’s a gift that you can truly feel proud to give. Of course, we all know that exercising can help people stay slim and fit. But, do you also know about all the other great benefits of exercising? Daily physical activity reduces stress and can help you sleep better. Fitness has been linked to reducing the risk of some diseases and to warding off depression. Researchers also believe that strength training can help prevent osteoporsis(骨质疏松). Not to mention that exercising also improves self-esteem, increases energy and helps you be able to do continuous work for longer. All moms would find these benefits extremely invaluable. If they are like most of us, they have probably even mentioned how they would like to drop a few pounds or just get in better shape. In fact, experts say that about 62% of Americans are currently on a diet. By giving the gift of fitness you are helping provide your mom with extra motivation. She may be more motivated to actually get fit because she doesn’t want to feel guilty about ignoring such a thoughtful gift. 1. The first paragraph is most likely to tell us that . A. we should invite our mom to a dinner for Mother’s Day B. it is good to send flowers to moms for Mother’s Day C. we should give a special gift to our Mom for Mother’s Day D. moms aren’t worth special gifts for Mother’s Day 2. You would like to send the gift of fitness to your mother because . A. it is very expensive B. it doesn’t cost you too much C. it makes your mother healthy D. you will be proud of it 3. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. This Mother’s Day, Give the Gift of Fitness B. Better Pay Attention to Your Mom’s Health C. Moms Like to Accept the Gift of Fitness D. Help Your Mom Keep a Good shape 在母亲节当天，妈妈可能喜欢一束鲜花，也可能很高兴和你一起出去吃饭。可是在作者看来，妈妈会更喜欢富有个性化，或者更持久的东西，比如，健康。那么，今年就给妈妈送一件能够使她们健康的礼物吧。本文话题较新，贴近日常生活，符合中学生认知水平；在试题的命制方面，也注意到对考生能力的多角度考查，完全符合高考《考试大纲》对阅读理解的要求。 1．C．段落大意题。根据第一段的内容，特别是“doesn’t she deserve something more personal or something that lasts longer than an evening”可知，在母亲节我们要送给母亲特殊的礼物。A项和B项虽然在原文中提到了，但都不是第一段的主旨；D项的意思也明显和文意不符。 2．C．细节理解题。第二段中的“By giving the gift of fitness you are providing them with unlimited health benefits.”说明给母亲送健康礼物，就是给母亲提供了无限的健康益处。文中谈到的健康礼物跟礼物的贵贱无关，所以A和B两项都不对；而D项的意思是“你会感到自豪”，这也和原文的意思不符。 3．A．标题归纳题。本文建议在母亲节给母亲送健康礼物。B项没有把“母亲节送礼物”概括进去。C项的意思是“母亲喜欢接受健康礼物”和D项“帮助母亲保持好体型”，均与全文主旨不符。 [高考真题]（2009年江苏卷，A篇） When women sit together to watch a movie on TV, they usually talk simultaneously (同时地) about a variety of subjects, including children, men, careers and what’s happening in their lives. When groups of men and women watch a movie together, the men usually end up telling the women to shut up. Men can either talk or watch the screen—they can’t do both—and they don’t understand that women can. Besides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen. During the ad breaks, a man often asks a woman to explain the plot and tell him where the relationship between the characters is going. He is unable, unlike women, to read the subtle body language signals that reveal how the characters are feeling emotionally. Since women originally spent their days with the other women and children in the group, they developed the ability to communicate successfully in order top maintain relationships. For a woman, speech continues to have such a clear purpose: to build relationships and make friends. For men, to talk is to relate the facts. Men see the telephone as a communication tool for sending facts and information to other people, but a woman sees it as a means of bonding. A woman can spend two weeks on vacation with her girlfriend and, when she returns home, telephone the same girlfriend and talk for another two hours. There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning, the fact that girls’ mothers talked to them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boys. Psychiatrist Dr Michael Lewis, author of Social Behaviour and Language Acquisition, conducted experiments that found mothers talked to and looked at, baby girls more often than baby boys. Scientific evidence shows parents respond to the brain bias of their children. Since a girl’s brain is better organized to send and receive speech, we therefore talk to them more. Consequently, mothers who try to talk to their sons are usually disappointed to receive only short grunts in reply. [问题探究] 59. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Women Are Socially Trained to Talk B. Talking Maintains Relationships C. Women Love to Talk D. Men Talk Differently from Women [精析与点拨] 这是典型的标题判断题。根据全文介绍：女性比男性更善于聊天，无论是看电影时，还是通电话时，所以判断C项“妇女健谈”是正确的；而A项说“妇女健谈是社会培训的”，显然不符合题意，B项说“多谈能保持关系”，短文第一节最后一句Besides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen. 是说“妇女认为相聚的目的是发展人际关系”；至于D项说“男女谈吐不一样”，文章虽然没有明确下结论“为什么女人比男人更健谈”，但也没有说“男女谈吐不一样”。我们再结合上面的理论，通过阅读短文，在第一节会找到女人健谈，可以边看电影边谈，而男人也喜欢看电影和谈话，但they can’t do both—and they don’t understand that women can；再通过反复阅读短文，发现C项对全文来说完全具有醒目性、概括性和针对性。 [巩固练习] 2009年宁夏卷阅读理解A I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three—month—old calf struggling in the fast—rising water, and it was a life—and—death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away. There was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mother’s body and was gone. Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk against the rocky bank. Then with a huge effort, she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock. Just at this moment, she fell back into the river. If she were carried down, it would be certain death. I knew, as well as she did, that there was one spot(地点) where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf. While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring(吼叫) all the time, but to her calf it was music. 1. What can be the best title for the text? A. A Mother’s Love B. A Brave Act C. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death 2009年湖北卷阅读理解C When I was seven my father gave me a Timex, my first watch. I loved it, wore it for years, and haven’t had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago. Why? Because I don’t need one. I have a mobile phone and I’m always near someone with an iPod or something like that. All these devices(装置) tell the time—which is why, if you look around, you’ll see lots of empty wrists; sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007. But while the wise have realized that they don’t need them, others—apparently including some distinguished men of our time—are spending total fortunes on them. Brands such as Rolex, Patek Philippe and Breitling command shocking prices, up to ￡250,000 for a piece. This is ridiculous. Expensive cars go faster than cheap cars. Expensive clothes hang better thank cheap clothes. But these days all watches tell the time as well as all other watches. Expensive watches come with extra functions—but who needs them? How often do you dive to 300 metres into the sea or need to find your direction in the area around the South Pole? So why pay that much of five years’ school fees for watches that allow you to do these things? If justice were done, the Swiss watch industry should have closed down when the Japanese discovered how to make accurate watches for a five—pound note. Instead the Swiss reinvented the watch, with the aid of millions of pounds’ worth of advertising, as a message about the man wearing it. Rolexes are for those who spend their weekends climbing icy mountains; a Patek Philippe is for one from a rick or noble family; a Breitling suggests you like to pilot planes across the world. Watches are now classified as “investments”(投资). A 1994 Patek Philippe recently sold for nearly ￡350,000, while 1960s Rolexes have gone from ￡15,000 to ￡30,000 plus in a year. But a watch is not an investment. It’s a toy for self-satisfaction, a matter of fashion. Prices may keep going up—they’ve been rising for 15 years. But when fashion moves on, the owner of that ￡350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex. 2. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Timex or Rolex? B. My Childhood Timex C. Watches? Not for Me! D. Watches—a Valuable Collection[信息反馈] 1．A．全文主要讲述一位大象妈妈在激流之中救助自己孩子的故事，很明显是因为母爱。 2．C．从全文，特别是第一段和最后一段中But when fashion moves on, the owner of that ￡350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex.可以等看出，作者不买表。[技巧] 解答标题归纳题，三大原则要注意： 首先概括要全面， 其次标题要新颖； 最后主题要明确， 这样成功属于你。[牢记] 针对标题归纳题，要特别留意那些新颖的、简洁的，并且能反映文章具体内容的标题，其正确的几率较高。 此类题目一般不易直接找到答案，考生应该在平时练习中多总结经验，总结判断的技巧和方法。
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