高职英语考试备忘录
（语音）
总则：元音字母在重读开音节读[ei][ i:][ ai][Eu][ ju:]/[ u:]
元音字母在重读闭音节读[A][e] [ i] [ C][Q]
元音字母及字母组合在非重读音节读[E]或[ i]——在重读音节读长音surface, surprise(高考英语题型研究与应试对策G634,4/7)
a在w后通常读[ C]wallet, want, wander, watch, wash
Δwater[ C:]
anything, many, any[e] says, said
a在st, sp, sk, th, n和ch前读[B:]：dance, grass, moustache, past, grasp, path
re前缀e读[ i:]：rebuild, recycle; evening, secret
[ i:]：police/ policeman, machine, magazine
o: move, movement, prove, improve, lose, whose, whom, tomb (comb), shoe
old, ost, oth---[Eu]
cold, bold, fold, scold, most, almost, mostly, post, both, comb
o在m, n, th前通常读[Q]: mother, month
辅音不发音
1. debt, tomb, comb, climb, doubt
2. hour, honour, exhibition, forehead, wh
3. wrong, write, wrist, wretched, wrap, sword, answer, two
4. could, should, would
元音字母组合
-ar, -er在词尾弱读
portrait, captain, mountain
calm, palm, half; also---all; aunt
idea, real, really, realize, theatre---breakfast, great;
blood, flood; ook; foot—food, boot, wood
trouble, touch, country, young, double, southern; shoulder
though, although, ought(过去式，过去分词)；enough, tough
autumn---aunt
辅音字母的读音：一个字母读一个音的辅音字母
字母：b, h, k, l, m, p, r, v, w, z, j, y
读音： [dV][j]
th在实词中（除一部分代词外）读[W]
thank, think, throw, fifth, month, mouth, north, nothing
在虚词及含有the(r)组合的实词中读[T]
than, then, this/ that, these/ those, they, there, mother/ father, with, breathe
[F]Asia, sure, Russia, sugar, oppression, pressure, possession
[V]pleasure, measure, decision
[F]social, musician, especially, ocean, special
[N]bank, think, monkey, twinkle, ankle, uncle, tongue, lung, hang, wrong, singer
[Ng]finger, English, language
[gz]exam, examine, examination, exactly, exist
[k]chemical, chemistry, stomach, headache, technical, technology, character, Christmas
[F]machine, moustache
[tFEn]question, suggestion
[g](gu)guess, league, dialogue
词尾发音：清清浊浊
p/k/t/f
l
t, d后
特例：
houses[5h auziz], roses[ziz]
news[z], newspaper[s]
mouths[mauTz]
（词汇）
be filled with = be full of充满
receive/get a letter from = hear from收到某人来信
in the end = at last最后 finally
look after = take care of照看care for; mind
before long = soon不久in a minute; in no time
继续go on; keep on; continue
happen = take place发生
turn into = change into变成到达
穿have on, wear（表示状态）；put on, pull on（表示动作）；dress sb.
around=about大约
over: more than超过
no more than = only仅仅/ not more than = at most
be made up of = consists of由…组成
from time to time = now and then时不时地sometimes
make up one’s mind = decide下定决心
be responsible for = in charge of对…负责
another +数词=数词+ more
another表“再，又，还”+数词的名词词组或数词短语，往往置于数词、量词之前。
instead of = in place of代替take the place
take exercises = do sports锻炼
go by = pass时光流逝
困难difficult = hard
miss错过: fail to take/ didn’t hear
give up放弃=stop
rise from one’s chair = stand up站起来
stop… from = prevent… from阻止…发生
rather = quite / pretty相当地
bright = clever聪明的 intelligent
arrive in/ at; reach（及物动词，需带宾语）; get to
be good at = do well in在…做得好
sit down = be seated坐下
词义辨析：因为
too much--- much too
take, pay, spend, cost
speak, talk, say, tell
speak+语言，着重说话者本身及说话的基本能力；talk with/ to sb.; talk about stn.多指两个人或许多人在一起谈话，强调连续性；say(what he said,+ “”)着重说话的内容，tell sb. sth.向某人传递信息、消息或命令某人做某事。
late, lately, later
some time, sometimes, sometime, some times
rise, raise
lively, lovely, living things
used to--- be used to
besides = in addition to, except, beside
ago, before
invent, discover
one day, some day, the other day
hard, hardly
（名词）
典型的不可数名词：news, advice, weather, work, information, homework, progress, fun.
名词的双重所有格：a friend of my father’s; a book of my brother’s friend’s
half an hour’s bicycle ride
可修饰名词的量词：
many
a great many
a few +可数名词的复数形式
a (large) number of
dozens of / scores of
a little
a ( large) amount of +不可数名词
a great deal of
a lot of / lots of
some
no +可数名词的复数形式/不可数名词
none of
a large quantity of
名词单复数（单复数同型如：fish, sheep）（有没有s词义不同，如paper—papers; time—times）people, police, cattle等用作集合名词时都用复数；clothes, trousers, shoes通常也是当复数用，但a pair of shoes当单数看。
表示金钱、时间等的词即使形式上为复数名词在数的概念上也视作单数表时间、金钱、距离等度量发词作主语，尽管是复数形式，视为整体看待，动词用单数。
Germans; women doctors; the Browns; at White’s
（冠词）
第一次提到的事物用 “a”，第二次重复指同一事物则使用the。
a university student—an honest man; an18-year-old girl
冠词注意元音字母开头常不用an，反之亦然。
China; at dinner; play chess; play the violin
（形容词与副词）
用于It is + adj. of sb. to do sth.句型中的一些形容词：good, nice, kind, rude, foolish, careless, right, wise, wrong, clever, stupid, impolite, honest…….
the+比较级…，the+比较级…(the more …, the more)越……越
比较结构：
as+原级+as（否定not as/so…as）
比较级＋than 注：不要因为要强调很…用比较级
（比较级中的逻辑问性题any other/ anyone else）
最高级…（in/ of）
比较结构的修饰语加在比较结构的前面；比较级前可以用much, a little/ a lot, even等修饰，最高级前可以用much, by far等修饰。
Which is easier to learn, fishing or swimming?
She is by far the taller --- taller by far of the two sisters.
（代词）
one the other
one… the other只有两个(two in all) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
○ ●
one another
another泛指三个或三个以上不定数目的“另一个，类似的一个
○ ○○○●○○
some others
○○○ ●●●○○○
泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
some the others
有三个以上(two parts in all)，一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
○○○ ●●●
other+复数(any other＋单数)
other与某一个或某一些相对的另一个或另一些，主要强调两方。
another＋单数
others相当于名词的复数
both(两者都)＋复数, either(两者中任何一个)＋单数, neither (两者都不)以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
---Did Tom’s parents go to the meeting yesterday?
---Yes, both of them did, but neither spoke.
修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，定语后置——形容词放在所修饰的词之后（例nothing important）
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
one指代可数名词，既可指人，也可指物，它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数名词，常用来代替上文中谈及到的“a+名词”，代替复数时用ones。
it重复指代
enjoy oneself = have a good time; alone = by oneself单独地
主语用主格，宾语（介词后为宾语）用宾格；后没有名词物主代词用名词性物主代词
---Is it your ticket?
---No, mine is in my pocket. It’s hers.
在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
“你、我、他”的顺序：you, he and I; (we, you and they)
（介词）
on＋某一天的上午／下午／晚上
at+门牌号码
in + 节日，表示“在……节期间”，例in Christmas；
in +时间＋将来时，表示“在……之后”，不同于after，用How soon提问
by car = in his car; by air = on the plane
to为介词的词组：look forward to, get/ be used to; get down to; stick to; devote oneself to; lead to
entrance, bridge, way, key, answer, reply to
write in ink--- write with a pen
与介词搭配的词组：
be made of用…制成（物理变化）
be made from用…制成（化学变化）
be made up of由…组成
make into使变为…
call at拜访（某处）
call on sb.拜访（某人）；号召
call up给…打电话
call for要求
look up
look down upon
look forward to
look at = have a look at: catch sight of
look after = take care of
look for
look out
look into调查；检查
look like
turn to向…请求帮助
turn on
turn up
turn off
turn down
go on继续=carry on
go over复习，检查
go out（灯、火）熄灭
go by（时间）过去=pass，经过（地点）
go through仔细查看，通过
give up = stop
give in
give off发出（蒸汽、光等）
on a visit to拜访某人
learn from
set out/ off出发
insist on doing坚持
be satisfied/ pleased with对…感到满意
be tired of 厌烦…
have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing做某事有困难
be strict with sb.对某人严格
be strict in sth.对某事严格
compared with….与…相比
compared to把…比做…
by the way顺便说一下
in the way挡在路上
out of the way让开
in a way在某种意义上
in …way用…方法
on one’s way (to)在去…的路上
（数词）
two hundred二百---hundreds of数以百记的（许多）
百、千、万与具体数字连用不加s，有连子符在名词前不用s。
ten, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有具体数字表示“几百”，“几千”时，hundred, thousand等词不加s，但它们后面的名词必须用复数形式 ；ten, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion等此前面没有具体数字时，用hundreds, thousands + of的结构表示“数十/数百…”的概念“数量很多”的意思。
in his fifties在他50几岁时, 表示"几十岁"; 表示"年代"，用 in +the +逢十的复数名词，指世纪的某个年代。在写法上有两种：in the 1930’s或in the 1930s二十世纪30 年代
two fifths, three quarters; three times
a couple of
one and a half hours = one hour and a half; one by one; twos and threes
（动词的种类和情态动词）
注意情态动词的含义而不是语义在语境中的使用
感官动词带原形或-ing形式作宾补
Did you notice me leave the meeting room yesterday?
·情态动词表示猜测：
must +动词原形；否定句：can’t+动词原形，“一定”，表示对现在发生事情的推测
---Who can it be at the door?
---It must be your brother.
He can’t be at home. He phoned from the farm just now.
情态动词+have+动词的过去分词(动词完成式)
1） must +have+动词的过去分词；否定：can’t+ have+动词的过去分词，2） 表示对过去的推测
---Why is he so late?
---He must have missed the bus.
3） should(n’t)+have+动词的过去分词——事后谈做某事的必要性，4） should+have+动词的过去分词表示“过去应该做而5） 没有做”；shouldn’t+have+动词的过去分词表示“过去不6） 应该做的却做了”，7） 含有责备8） 或遗憾的意思。
The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.
区别need/ dare作情态动词（+动词原形，只用于否定句和疑问句）和实义动词（也可用于肯定句）的两种不同用法
连系动词之后要接形容词作表语，而不能接副词
常考的连系动词是：look, sound, smell, feel, go hungry(bad)等。
These cakes taste good.
could表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，表示口气婉转，肯定回答时应用can / may表示诚意。
--- Could I borrow your dictionary?
--- Yes, of course you can.
.Must的否定式为don’t have to，否定回答用needn’t。
否定回答needn’t——need肯定回答must。
在肯定句中用should表示根据常规推测，某事应该发生，“理应……”“某人/某事应该……”
He should be here at any time.
It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ here at any moment. (1995)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
·（时态）
1. “主将从现”的两点补充——不2. 用will表将来时：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，3. 用一般现在时表示将来，4. 也可用现在完成时，5. 表示将来某时完成的动作。当主句为一般将来时，6. 从句应该使用一般现在时，7. 若没有此选项，8. 也可使用现在完成时。主句是祈使句或含有情态动词的复9. 合谓语，10. 均暗含有将来时的动作，11. 故从句应用一般现在时态。
I’m not sure when he will come back. If he comes back, I’ll let you know.
12. 主句用一般过去时，13. 从句时态需呼应。
14. 现在完成时：
1） 下列情况常用现在完成时
表示“第几次”
有so far
句型：It has been … since…（现在完成时+since+一般过去时）
2） 需要替换才能跟完成时——常见的瞬间动词改为延续性动词的方法：表示短暂性的动词（如come, go, leave, die, marry, join, buy等的完成时）不3） 能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用（与for引导时间状语连用必须进行替代变换）
marry--- be married
borrow---keep
leave---be away
join---be in
buy---have
die---be dead
begin/ start--- be on
finish / end --- be over
---Sorry. I am late.
---It doesn’t matter. The meeting has been on for just several minutes.
15. 过去完成时（表示“过去的过去“）典型句型：
before
过去完成时+ when +一般过去时
by the time
When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
注：过去完成时需要有参照时间
16. 过去进行时：
“过去进行时+ when+ 过去时”是一个固定句式，“正在做……突然发生另一件事”
---Did you notice the boy come in?
---No, I didn’t because I was watching TV.
She _____ to bed when the telephone rang. C
A. have gone B. went C. was going D. was doing
--- What were you doing last night when I telephoned?
--- I had just finished my writing and was going to take a bath.
17. 一般现在时表示惯常的动作
18. 含有过去时间状语和when引导的从句，19. 不20. 能用现在完成时，21. 只能用一般过去时。
I didn’t quite catch it.
---This is no-smoking zone. Can’t you see the sign?
---Oh, sorry. I didn’t see it.
·（语态）
及物动词必须有宾语，否则就应用被动语态。
下列动词（词组）为不及物动词，不用被动：take place, happen, break out; last, belong to
动词词组变为被动语态时，介词或副词一般不省略。
（感官动词）主动不带to被动要带to
在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词(make)后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。
（用）主动形式，（表）被动意义：——有些动词形式上是主动的，意义上是被动的。
表“需要”的动词need, want, require等，后接动名词的主动形式表被动含义。need, require, want, be worth + doing ……需要（被）…；…值得…need doing = need to be done
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
Your shirt needs washing.
东西好不好卖，笔好不好写
This kinds of shoes don’t sell well./ The car sells well. 这种车销路好。
My pen writes well.我的笔很好写。
This film is worth seeing.
The door will not shut
特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
The manager was pleased to hear that the new computer _____ well. B
A. sell B. sold C. are selling D. were sold
·（动词的非谓语形式）
现在分词表“主动”和“进行”(with the water covering)，过去分词表“被动”(Given more time, he could have done the work much better.)和“完成”，不定式表“未完成”（forget to/不定式通常只用作目的状语）
Your new car is so dirty. Why don’t you get it washed?
分词做伴随状语时，(注意其逻辑主语)它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。主语与分若是主动关系则用现在分词，若是被动关系则用过去分词。/分词短语作状语，它的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须是同一人或物；当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的逻辑主语。
After eating dinner,________________.
A. the table was cleaned B. the room became very quiet
C. we moved to the living room D. all the food was eaten
选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
_____ more time, he could have done the work much better. D
A. To be given B. Giving C. To give D. Given
Seen from the top of the mountain, the park is very nice.
The sun _____, they went home. ( C)
A. set down B. setted C. setting D. sets
动词的非谓语形式的否定式的not都加在动词的非谓语形式前面
一般只接动名词作宾语的动词：avoid, can’t help, consider, enjoy, finish, mind, practise
MAPSCEFIE （妹不吃咖啡）：(mind)miss, (admit)/(advise) avoid, practise, suggest, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, excuse(escape).
接不定式或动名词含义不同的词：
remember, forget, regret接不定式——表动作未发生；接动名词——表动作已发生
She remembers being paid, but she forgets the exact date when she was given.
--- The light in the office is still on.
--- Oh, I forgot _____.(1991)
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
stop to do停下正在做的事情而去做另一件事stop doing停止手头正在做的事情
go on to do做完一件事，接着做另一件事go on doing继续正在做的事
try to do设法做/企图，尽力; try doing做…试试看
动词+疑问词+ to
有些及物动词后可以用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。疑问词有（除why）
能用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的及物动词有：
动词不定式作ask, tell, show, teach, know, explain等的宾语时，前面还可以带who, what, which, when, where, why, whether, how等引导的疑问句。
I don’t know what to do next.
The teacher explained to them how to play the piano.
常考的几种句型：/习惯用法：Lost in thought, Dressed
had better (not) do sth.最好做某事
would like to do sth.想做某事
feel like doing sth.想要做某事
would rather do sth.宁愿做某事
It’s no use/ good doing sth.
prefer doing … to doing…相比之下更喜欢做某事
would rather do ... than do…宁愿做某事而不做某事
Why not do…?为什么不做…？
感官动词如see, hear, watch, feel, notice, look at, listen to等以及使役动词如make, have等之后的复合宾语，主动不带to，被动带to。
Don’t make him do it if he doesn’t want to.
He often makes his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
有hope to do sth., want to do sth.，没有hope sb. to do sth., want sb. to do sth.
have sb. do; have sth. done; have sb/ sth. doing
Mr. Brown had his son write an article every Friday.
回答what的提问用动名词
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
He gave me a pen to write with.
一般只能接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, ask, decide, expect, hope, manage, pretend, promise, refuse
·（句子）
当must是“想必、一定、必定”的意思，表示一种推测时，应把must先去掉，恢复陈述部分原来谓语动词的时态形式，然后再确定疑问部分/在含有情态动词must的句中，如must表示推测含义（“一定、想必”）附加问句的动词要与实际所表达的时态相一致。
He must be in the reading room/lab, ____ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
祈使句用原形开头
否定祈使句的回答：Don’t forget to wake me up at 5 tomorrow morning.
No, I won’t.
感叹句
1） How + adj./ adv. +主语+谓语！
How interesting the news is!
2） What + (a / an) + adj. + n. +主语+谓语！需判断名3） 词是否作主语。
若名词是不可数名词或复数名词，则前不用冠词。
What terrible weather we’ve been having these days! (1990)
What a pleasant surprise…
What a long way it is from Beijing to London! (1995)
反意疑问句
2) 凡陈述部分含有否定或半否定词，3) 如：not, no, never, hardly, few, little, seldom, nothing, nobody, none等，4) 其反意问句一般要用肯定式。
He could hardly see the words on the blackboard, could he?
5) have的反意
6) 祈使句的反意问句一般用will you，7) 但（除）Let’s…的反意问句却要用shall we?
回答：No, I won’t.
8) 凡陈述部分主谓为I’m …时，9) 其反意问句一律要用ain’t I?
否定问句的回答：“是”用No.
（并列句与复合句）
并列句
根据两分句的关系判断并列句的连词
Call a taxi, or you’ll miss the train.
…, however↔but
Though……but……×
…, for…
______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Though he had been told B. Having been told
C. He was told D. Being told C
复合句的由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句只作句子的一个成分，不能独立（在复合句中起什么作用/作什么句子成分的从句叫……从句。
从句的结构是：连接词+主语+谓语
名词性从句
1） Δ用陈述句语序
宾语从句——动词后的句子——时态的呼应
2） 用what还是that
引导词的判断：关键：分析句子成分，明确从句缺少什么成分
连词：that只起连接作用，无实义，不作句子成分。
if / whether“是否”，引导主语，表语，同位语从句或位于介词之后，应用whether
连接代词：who, whom, which, whose, what
连接副词：when, where, why, how
what“…（所）…的（东西）”，在名词性从句中作主语或宾语，相当于一个名词加定语从句。= all that
A man’s worth lies not in what he has as what he is.
3） 主语从句这的that不4） 能省略：that从句作主语时，5） that无意义也不6） 能省略
That Wang Fang looked after the old woman a whole year moved us all.
同7） 位语从句连接词多用that
No one can deny the fact that the earth goes around the sun.
8） The reason (why)……is that….
The reason why I have to go is that my mother is ill in bed.
定语从句：用关系代词不用人称代词，不重复用it
The radio set _____ last week has been out of order.
A. I bought B. I bought it C. which I bought it D. what I bought
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