是这篇吗？
The Long War Against Corruption
Journal Article, Foreign Affairs
May / June 2006
Author: Ben Heineman, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
ABSTRACT
Since the mid-1990s, the issue of corruption has gained a prominent place on the global agenda. International organizations, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the UN, have adopted conventions requiring that their members enact laws prohibiting bribery and extortion. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials. Most nations have enacted some type of anticorruption law. International business groups have promulgated model codes of behavior, and multinational corporations (MNCs) now claim to be implementing antibribery programs. The leading nongovernmental organization (NGO) in this area, Transparency International, has conducted analysis and advocacy through chapters in over 90 nations. The international media report instances of corruption in high places virtually every day (often at great risk).
Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences. Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces. The true impact of corruption is now widely acknowledged: corruption distorts markets and competition, breeds cynicism among citizens, undermines the rule of law, damages government legitimacy, and corrodes the integrity of the private sector. It is also a major barrier to international development -- systemic misappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.
Although it is difficult to quantify global corruption, there is little question that huge problems exist. For example, the World Bank estimated in 2004 that public officials worldwide receive more than $1 trillion in bribes each year (and that figure does not include embezzlement). A 2005 survey by the Russian think tank Indem found that more than $300 billion in bribes is paid in Russia annually (a ten-fold increase since the last survey, in 2001) and that more than half of all Russians have at some point been asked for a payoff. According to the 2005 Volcker report (a report on the UN's former oil-for-food program by an independent committee headed by the economist Paul Volcker), more than 2,000 companies participating in the oil-for-food program -- almost half of the total -- may have been involved in kickback schemes. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.
Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner. In the near term, the implementation of anticorruption measures must come in important part from international organizations, developed nations, and MNCs. Developing nations also have a critical role to play.
For more information about this publication please contact the Belfer Center Communications Office at 617-495-9858.
参考译文：自90年代中期，腐败问题已经获得了全球议程上的突出地位。国际组织，包括经济合作与发展组织（OECD）和联合国，已通过的公约要求其成员制定法律，禁止贿赂和勒索。国际金融机构，特别是世界银行，宣布他们的项目在确保公平，公开承包和停止由政府官员挪用的方案。大多数国家都制定了一些反腐败法的类型。国际商业团体已颁布了行为模型代码，（跨国公司）跨国公司现在自称是实施反贿赂方案。领先的非政府组织（NGO）在这方面，透明国际，曾透过章节超过90个国家的分析和宣传。国际媒体对腐败报告高处情况几乎每天（往往冒着极大的风险）。
在这些基本规则的变化，修辞，意识是越来越认识到，贿赂和勒索有明显有害的后果。飘是天当一些学者认为，腐败是严重的overregulated经济或者说，它应该被看作是难以容忍的力量不可避免的副产品有效的纠正。贪污腐败的真正影响是现在人们普遍承认：腐败扭曲市场和公民之间的竞争，品种玩世不恭，破坏法治，损害政府的合法性，并侵蚀私营部门的完整性。这也是国际发展的主要障碍 - 由kleptocratic政府挪用系统性损害穷人。
虽然很难量化全球腐败，毫无疑问是存在巨大的问题。例如，世界银行估计2004年全球范围内得到更多的公职人员超过万亿美元的贿赂，每年（这个数字不包括贪污）。一个由俄罗斯智库Indem 2005年的调查发现，超过300元贿赂亿元支付俄罗斯每年（自上一次调查增加十倍，2001年），而且超过所有俄罗斯人有一半在某个时刻被要求为回报。根据2005年沃尔克报告（成为联合国前石油换食品计划由经济学家保罗沃尔克领导的独立委员会的报告），2000多家公司参与石油换食品计划 - 几乎一半的总 - 可能参与了回扣计划。而鼓声的丑闻不断，在中国，印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，俄罗斯和美国领导在过去一年的新闻事件。
由于巨大的，持续的问题，反腐败运动将保持其信誉和势头仅当它可以转化为行动，其言论，防止和惩处在一个更加集中和系统的方式不当行为。在近期内，对反腐败措施的实施必须拿出从国际组织，发达国家和跨国公司的重要组成部分。发展中国家也有重要作用的发挥。
欲了解更多有关本刊物的信息，请致电617-495-9858的贝尔弗中心通讯营业厅。
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