英语语法问题
tucked in one corner of this 6.5 acre plot in Carneros,in California's fabled Sonoma Valley,with row after neat row of Pinot noir grapes,were a handful of alien vines
这个 tucked开头，后面几个介词短语，然后来个个were的谓语这什么结构
英语语法是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究。语法是组词造句的规则，是把合适的词放进合适位置的艺术，语法可分为两大部分:词法和句法。词法包括各类词的形态及其变化，句法主要讲句子的种类和类型，句子成分以及遣词造句的规律。
折叠一、一般现在时
1.概念：表示经常发生的情况；有规律出现的情况；总是发生的；和事实真理。
2.时间状语：Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…），once a week(day, year, month…），on Sundays（on Mondays …），
3.基本结构：①主语+动词的单数第三人称+其他【当主语是第三人称单数（单三）时】
②主语+动词原形+其他 【当主语不是第三人称单数（单三）时】
4.否定形式：主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他； 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。
He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。
Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
折叠二、一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…），in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + 动词的过去式或be的过去式+名词
4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + 其他；在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。
I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
折叠三、一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…），soon, in a few minutes, by…，the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + am/is/are + going to + do + 其它；主语 + will/shall + do + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + am/is/are not going to do ；主语 + will/shall not do + 其它
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。{首字母大写}
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。
It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
折叠四、一般过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：The next day (morning \, year…），the following month(week…），etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + was/were + going to + do + 其它；主语 + would/should + do +其它
4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + going to + do; 主语 + would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我问，谁要去那里。
折叠五、现在进行时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look, listen
基本结构：主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词形式）第一人称单数I+am+动词ing.第一人称复数We+are+动词ing.第二人称单(复)数 You+are+动词ing第三人称单数 He（She，it）+is+动词ing第三人称复数 They+are+动词ing
肯定句:主语+be（is/am/are）+现在分词
否定句：主语+be（is/am/are）+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be（is/am/are）+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?间接引语中改为过去进行时。
例句：How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何？He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
折叠六、过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。（第一个字母大写）
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时，我正在读报纸。
折叠七、将来进行时
1.概念：表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。
2.时间状语：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening
3.基本结构：主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词 + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词 + 其它
5.例句：This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间，他们正坐在电影院。
He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
折叠八、过去将来进行时
1.概念：表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。
2.基本结构：should/would + be + 现在分词
3.例句：They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
折叠九、现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点，for + 时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + have/has + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + have/has + not + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
5.一般疑问句：have或has放句首。
6.例句：I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年，农村发生了巨大的变化。
折叠十、过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month…），etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + had + not +p.p（过去分词） + 其它
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候，火车已经开走了。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底，我们已经复习了四本书。
基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
①肯定句：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
②否定句：主语 + had + not + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
③一般疑问句：Had +主语 + p.p（过去分词）+其它
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
折叠十一、将来完成时
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of + 时间短语（将来）；by the time + 从句（将来）
3.基本结构：主语 + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4例句：By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候，就将发生巨大的变化。
折叠十二、过去将来完成时
1.概念：表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作，常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反。
2.基本结构：should/would have done sth.
3.例句：I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
折叠十三、现在完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构：主语 + have/has + been + doing + 其它
3.时间状语：since + 时间点，for + 时间段等。
4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。
The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起，孩子们一直看电视。
折叠十四、过去完成进行时
1.概念：表示某个正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束。
2.基本结构：主语 + had + been + doing + 其它
3.例子：She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
4.特殊含义：①尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。（他没写完）
②企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。（他曾努力学习过它）
③未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。（但是我们没有理解）
④最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。（最近）
⑤反复动作：He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。（屡次）
⑥情绪：What had he been doing？他做了什么？（不耐烦）
折叠十五、将来完成进行时
1.概念：表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。
2.基本结构：shall/will have been doing
3.例子：I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了。
If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。
十六、 过去将来完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。
2.基本结构：should/would + have + been +现在分词
3.例子：He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我，到年底时，他就在那住了30年了。
一、 被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned every day. 我们教室每天都被打扫。
I am asked to study hard. 我被告知要努力学习。
Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用来切东西的。
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。
3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建一家新医院。
Many more trees will be planted next year. 明年会种更多的树。
4. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them. 他们在那里种植的树木。
5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。
6.过去进行时的被动语态构成：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.当他的父母赶到医院的时候这个男孩正在做手术。
The new road was being made.这条新路正在修筑。
7.过去完成时的被动语态构成：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词
The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 在老师来之前，教室尚未打扫。
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema.在门票被销售一空前我赶到了电影院。
8.将来完成时的被动语态构成：shall/will + have done
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 届时，他们结婚将满20周年。
The project will have been completed before May.该项目将在五月前完成。
9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often. 小树需要经常浇水。
Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 你应该现在就改正你的错误。
The door may be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁。
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作业可以明天交。
二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 布鲁斯每星期写一封信。
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning. →The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。
3. He has written two novels so far. →Two novels have been written by him so far. 至今他已写了两部小说。
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. →Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 他们明天将要种植十棵树。
5. Lucy is writing a letter now. →A letter is being written by Lucy now. 露西正在写信。
6. You must lock the door when you leave. →the door must be locked when you leave. 当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。
三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years？一百年里会发生什么事？
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 约65万年前恐龙灭绝。
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好写。
This new book sells well. 这本新书卖的很好。
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。
例：Make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something
See somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. →My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 一个女孩看到我的钱夹掉了，当她经过的时候。
The boss made the little boy do heavy work. →The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 这个老板让这小男孩干重活。
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）做主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. 他给了我一本书。
He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him. 他给我展示了一张票。
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. 我们不能嘲笑他。
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. 他每天都收听广播。
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.这护士在照顾这个虚弱的男人。
完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。
例如：The teacher came in and the class began.（没有倒装）
In came the teacher and the class began. （老师走了进来，然后开始上课。）
2) there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seem to be,stand等，一般都译成"有"的含义，构成完全倒装句。
例如：There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.（远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。）
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then开头，后面的动词是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand（表移动或动态的不及物动词）等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.
4）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
5）在强调状语时1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如：
1 Up went the plane.
2 In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如：
1 Out they rushed!
2 Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如：
1 Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
3 当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如：
1 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. （不属于完全倒装）
2 Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
（6）当句首状语为here,there,now,then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如：
1）Here is a ticket for you.
2）Now comes your turn.
3）Here he comes.
（7）以关联词so （…that）开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如：
1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。
．在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary,answered John,said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些
词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如：
1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry.
2）“What do you mean?” he asked.
. often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如：Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance.
12．在as,though引导的让步状语从句中
在as,though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如：
1）Small as the atom is,we can smash it.
2）Big as the workpiece is,it is turned out with
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.
注意：
1) 在here,there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。
例：Here comes the postman！（邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。）
Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）
2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。
例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.（他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。）
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.（中国典型的是相声表演，两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众）
还有一种是部分倒装
部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about（疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活）
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法： 例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。） In no country other than Britain,it had been said,can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.（据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化）
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely…… when,never,no sooner…… than,rarely,no more,not nearly,not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
4）一些如scarcely……when,no sooner ……than,hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。 注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5）此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意：
a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装： 例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.（只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。）
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装：
例：It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.（直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。）
c) 如果hardly,scarcely后面接的是any,ever,at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never（几乎不、从不），则无须倒装。
例：Hardly any people invited went there.（几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。）
6) 由no matter how,however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：
例：I know nothing about this river,neither how long,how wide nor how deep it is.（我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。）
7) 由as引导的部分倒装句：
a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。
例：Cautious as the rest of her family (was),she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.（正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。）
She charged the stairs,quick as a rabbit (ran).（她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么快！）
b) 当 as引导让步状语时，和although,though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked,he did not pass the exam.（虽然他很用功，但他还是没及格）
c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。
例：Tired as he was,we decided not to disturb him.（因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。）
d) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是”
例：She worked hard,so/ as did her husband. （她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。）
so,neither,nor倒装
除了构成上述倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句：
He promised to finish my homework,so did I.
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so /such和that之间的部分：
例：So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c）也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调，例如Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man of great achievements.（阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人）
d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：
1) 完全倒装时：表示"也不"，和上文a）用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例：You don't know what to do now,neither/ nor do I .（你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。）
2) 和其它否定副词连用，表示"也（不）"，也要求用完全倒装句：
例：The besieged enemy could not advance,nor / neither retreat could they .（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）
注意：若把这句话改成："The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）"就不必倒装。
She never laughed,nor did she ever lose her temper.
3) 用在肯定句里，构成一般否定倒装：
例：All that is true,nor must we forget it.（那全都是真的，我们可不能忘记。）
部分倒装作用
有承上启下作用，表示同意和赞同：
例：A: I couldn't do anything for her.（我帮不了她。）
B: Nor you could,but you might have got somebody to help her.（你是不能帮她，但你本可以找人帮她的。）
2) 在进行比较的句子里，如果主语不是代词时，可以倒装：
例：America consumes more energy than did our country.（美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。）
3）在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.
4）在文学作品中常出现倒装，有些是由于语法习惯，有些是为了简单的修辞，如Not even one cloud will I bring away（不带走一片云彩）.
不用倒装的地方
注：如果only后面的词组不是状语，则不用倒装.
Only Wang Ling knows this .
如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，用倒装结构；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。
" Let's go," said the man .
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