解释介词+which做成分

Question

They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
在in which引导的定语从句，要么在句中做介宾，要么代表时间，地点，原因的先行词，在从句中做状语。很明显，这个句中先行词practices(应该是实践的意思)并没有表时间（on which），地点(in which)，原因(for which)的意思，而且从句的谓语也不缺介词宾语（即be held responsible for sth和give sth for sth 已经完整，不缺宾语了），那从句为什么能用in which来引导定语从句呢(其实，按中文翻译时，在句子结尾加入in practices是合理的，也就相当于加入一个状语，但是不知道为什么能这样加)？

Answer 1

纠结点：介词+which/whom/whose究竟作什么成分？
答：作状语（不一定只是时间、地点原因）或定语。（可理解成介词短语在句中充当成分）
例子：
I don't like the way in which you talk to your father.我不喜欢你跟你爸说话的方式。
in which=in the way（这里是作方式状语）
There are ten books here, two of which belong to you. 这里有十本书，其中两本是你的。
(of which 这里是定语)
所以，在They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
中的in which=in the practices，其实就是地点状语。（在实践中）（指明范围）
译文：
它们是传统理论中自主(自治)的人的财产，是实践中必不可少的，在实践中，一个人要为他的行为负责，并为他的成就受到赞扬。（翻译来自有道词典）

Answer 2

...practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements,

practices是先行词，没错。which指practices，在实践中，用介词in 。还原成：

in the practices a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements,

追问

把in the practices放进从句里我是明白的。
但是，为什么可以这样用？从语法来看，定语从句引导词，必须在从句中充当成分，那介词+in which充当什么成分？
介词+which可以在从句中做介宾，或者先行词表时间，地点，原因可用介词+which。但先行词practices在句中应该表实践的含义(那也就没有表示时间，地点或者原因含义)，而且从句也不缺介宾，为什么可以用in which?

追答

如果将从句分出来，单独说，这句话就应该是这样的，在实践中：in the practices ：

In the practices a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements，

在定语从句中，先行词提前，关系代词就在in的后面。

Answer 3

先行词practice是暗含地点的名词,所以in which相当于in the practices做从句中的地点状语追问

表实践意思怎么看出暗含了表地点意思名词呢？看不出来啊

追答

in practices在实践中,这就是表地点

Answer 4

关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式).例:
Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from.= Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book.玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩.
Is this the room that/which he once lived in?= Is this the room in which he once lived?这是他曾经住过的房子吗?
常见的有以下几种情况:
1.where=in/on which 例:
This is the room where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间.
I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场.
2.when= on/in/at which 例:
I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年.
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一天.
I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻.
3.why=for which 例:
This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因.
但下列情况下介词不能提前:
⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前.例:
He's the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩.
This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to.这应是汤姆送包裹的地方.
⑵当whom、which省去时介词不能提前.例:
Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗?
This is the room he lived in.这是他住过的房间.
⑶当whom,which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前.例:
You're the very man whom I'm looking for.你正是我在找的那个人.
This is the program which he listened to.这就是他听过的节目.
再看下面几种结构:
(一)介词+whose引导的定语从句
whose引导定语从句时,可出现创新句型:介词+whose引导定语从句.解这种定语从句时需弄清从句的动词与先行词、whose后边的名词及定语从句主语之间的关系,并发挥合理想象,不难发现其中正确的逻辑关系.例:
She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday.她就是昨天我和其父亲谈话的女孩.
He is the boy for whose boss I work.他就是我为其老板打工的男孩.
(二)复杂介词+whom/which引导定语从句
I stay at the hotel at the back of which is a small garden.我住在后面有一座花园的旅馆.
(三)数词(不定量数词)/ 含所属关系名词+of whom/which引导定语从句.例:
She has many books,only one of which is interesting.她有许多书,只有一本是有趣的.