求分词的用法,什么过去分词啊之类的

如题所述

分词也是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用,作表语也十分普遍。

一、分词的作用
分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1)前置定语He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音,有个孩子在睡觉。We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。(
2)后置定语The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如:All the broken windows have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。All the windows broken have been repaired. (4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。如:Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
(4)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my deskmate.而常这样说:The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
5)非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如:Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年,查理决定重返伦敦。
(6)过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能:表示被动和完成,只表完成。如:the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 (既表示被动也表示完成)the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成,不表示被动)在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词,常见的有:the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。2、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如:The shops have remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers. 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇-句子的类型》部分。
4、作状语分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如:
(1)表示时间Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎,我迷了路。The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着,后面跟着一只狼狗。表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时,分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词,但as没有这种用法。如:Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。
(2)表示原因表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重,只好把他送往医院。
(3)表示结果The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球,因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
(4)表示方式I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。(5)表示条件United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立,分裂我们必然倒下。Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心,你会犯更少的错误。强调条件时,可以在前面加上unless, once等。如:You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
二、分词的独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。如:Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭,我们开始讨论野餐的事。All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都卖出去了,我们只好等着看下周的演出。2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如:The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束,从群便涌到大街上。Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人,我没进大厅。3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构,有时可用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如:He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下,躺在那里思考着。 The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮,因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。with+宾语+宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构,其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等,在句中可作定语,也可作状语,表示原因、方式等。如:The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我,我会错过火车的。The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考试结束了,我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如:generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如:Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑,我非常喜欢。Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.一、分词用作表语
The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。
The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。
Please be seated. 请坐好。
【注】(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。
(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征,而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释:
My job is interesting. 我的工作很有趣。
My job is teaching maths. 我的工作是教数学。
另外,动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置,而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置:
误:Interesting is my job.
正:Teaching maths is my job.
还有,作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。
二、分词用作定语
What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!
All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。
【注】(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前,但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后:
There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。
(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语,除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词
(3) 现在分词作后置定语时,它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因)
(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:现在分词作定语时,它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语,并且通常可转换成一个定语从句;而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等。比较:
a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词,与truck有主谓关系)
a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词,说明truck的用途)
a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词,与dog有主谓关系)
a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词,说明dog的用途)
三、分词用作状语
(1) 表时间:
Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
(2) 表原因:
Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了,所以只好走路。
(3) 表条件:
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。
(4) 表让步:
Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课
(5) 表方式:
He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋生。
(6) 表伴随:
He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。
(7) 表结果:
He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
四、分词用作宾补足语
He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。
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第1个回答  2015-04-05
现在分词是doing,过去分词是done追问

我分不清什么什么用ing,什么时候用done

追答

在现在进行时中用doing,在被动语态和完成时中用done,另外它们都可以做定语

追问

23题

Organization 和 commit之间,不应该是主动关系嘛

追答

这里是被动啊,一个组织被托付去找到有效的解决手段

追问

谢谢了

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第2个回答  2015-10-17
(一)分词的作用
·现在分词可用于:
·①构成进行时.e.g. We are studying English.
·②当副词作状语.e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语.
·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air.
·I saw many birds flying along the river.
·The story is very moving.
·过去分词可用于:
·①构成完成时. e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
·②构成被动语态.e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
·③当副词作状语.e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语.
·e.g. a boy named Tom
·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.
·I’m interested in English.
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